Human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor compositions and methods employing same

ABSTRACT

DNA encoding human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha and beta subunits, mammalian and amphibian cells containing the DNA, methods for producing α and β subunits and isolated or substantially pure α 4 , α 7  and β 4  subunits are provided. In addition, cells that expresses these subunits singly or combination with other subunits of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and methods using the cells are provided.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is a continuation of allowed U.S. application Ser. No. 08/467,574 and U.S. application Ser. No. 08/466,589, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,489, each filed on Jun. 5, 1995. This application is also a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/700,636, filed Jul. 16, 1996, which is a file wrapper continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/028,031, filed Mar. 8, 1993, now abandoned. U.S. application Ser. No. 08/467,574 and U.S. application Ser. No. 08/466,589 are continuations of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/028,031.

[0002] The subject matter of each of the above-noted applications and patent is incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF INVENTION

[0003] DNA encoding human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor protein subunits and the encoded proteins are provided. In particular, human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α-subunit-encoding DNA, α-subunit proteins, β-subunit-encoding DNA, β-subunit proteins, and combinations thereof are provided. Also provided are methods that use the DNA for expression of the encoded subunits.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0004] Ligand-gated ion channels provide a means for communication between cells of the central nervous system. These channels convert a signal (e.g., a chemical referred to as a neurotransmitter) that is released by one cell into an electrical signal that propagates along a target cell membrane. A variety of neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter receptors exist in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Five families of ligand-gated receptors, including the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (NAChRs) of neuromuscular and neuronal origins, have been identified (Stroud et al. (1 990) Biochemistry 29:11009-11023). There is, however, little understanding of the manner in which the variety of receptors generates different responses to neurotransmitters or to other modulating ligands in different regions of the nervous system.

[0005] The nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (NAChRs) are multisubunit proteins of neuromuscular and neuronal origins. These receptors form ligand-gated ion channels that mediate synaptic transmission between nerve and muscle and between neurons upon interaction with the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). Since various nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (NAChR) subunits exist, a variety of NAChR compositions (i.e., combinations of subunits) exist. The different NAChR compositions exhibit different specificities for various ligands and are thereby pharmacologically distinguishable. Thus, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction in vertebrate sympathetic ganglia and in the vertebrate central nervous system have been distinguished on the basis of the effects of various ligands that bind to different NAChR compositions. For example, the elapid α-neurotoxins that block activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction do not block activation of some neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that are expressed on several different neuron-derived cell lines.

[0006] Muscle NAChR is a glycoprotein composed of five subunits with the stoichiometry α₂β(γ or ε)δ. Each of the subunits has a mass of about 50-60 kilodaltons (kd) and is encoded by a different gene. The α₂β(γ or ε)δ complex forms functional receptors containing two ligand binding sites and a ligand-gated transmembrane channel. Upon interaction with a cholinergic agonist, muscle nicotinic AChRs conduct sodium ions. The influx of sodium ions rapidly short-circuits the normal ionic gradient maintained across the plasma membrane, thereby depolarizing the membrane. By reducing the potential difference across the membrane, a (Stroud et al. (1990) Biochemistry 29:11009-11023). There is, however, little understanding of the manner in which the variety of receptors generates different responses to neurotransmitters or to other modulating ligands in different regions of the nervous system.

[0007] The nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (NAChRs) are multisubunit proteins of neuromuscular and neuronal origins. These receptors form ligand-gated ion channels that mediate synaptic transmission between nerve and muscle and between neurons upon interaction with the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). Since various nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (NAChR) subunits exist, a variety of NAChR compositions (i.e., combinations of subunits) exist. The different NAChR compositions exhibit different specificities for various ligands and are thereby pharmacologically distinguishable. Thus, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction in vertebrate sympathetic ganglia and in the vertebrate central nervous system have been distinguished on the basis of the effects of various ligands that bind to different NAChR compositions. For example, the elapid α-neurotoxins that block activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction do not block activation of some neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that are expressed on several different neuron-derived cell lines.

[0008] Muscle NAChR is a glycoprotein composed of five subunits with the stoichiometry α₂β(γ or ε)δ. Each of the subunits has a mass of about 50-60 kilodaltons (kd) and is encoded by a different gene. The α₂β(γ or ε)δ complex forms functional receptors containing two ligand binding sites and a ligand-gated transmembrane channel. Upon interaction with a cholinergic agonist, muscle nicotinic AChRs conduct sodium ions. The influx of sodium ions rapidly short-circuits the normal ionic gradient maintained across the plasma membrane, thereby depolarizing the membrane. By reducing the potential difference across the membrane, a chemical signal is transduced into an electrical signal that signals muscle contraction at the neuromuscular junction.

[0009] Functional muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors have been formed with αβδγ subunits, αβγ subunits, αβδ subunits, αδγ subunits or αδ subunits, but not with only one subunit (see e.g., Kurosaki et al. (1987) FEBS Lett. 214: 253-258; Camacho et al. (1993) J. Neuroscience 13:605-613). In contrast, functional neuronal AChRs (nAChRs) can be formed from α subunits alone or combinations of α and β subunits. The larger α subunit is generally believed to be the ACh-binding subunit and the lower molecular weight β subunit is generally believed to be the structural subunit, although it has not been definitively demonstrated that the β subunit does not have the ability to bind ACh. Each of the subunits which participate in the formation of a functional ion channel are, to the extent they contribute to the structure of the resulting channel, “structural” subunits, regardless of their ability (or inability) to bind ACh. Neuronal AChRs (nAChRs), which are also ligand-gated ion channels, are expressed in ganglia of the autonomic nervous system and in the central nervous system (where they mediate signal transmission), in post-synaptic locations (where they modulate transmission), and in pre- and extra-synaptic locations (where they may have additional functions).

[0010] DNA encoding NAChRs has been isolated from several sources. Based on the information available from such work, it has been evident for some time that NAChRs expressed in muscle, in autonomic ganglia, and in the central nervous system are functionally diverse. This functional diversity could be due, at least in part, to the large number of different NAChR subunits which exist. There is an incomplete understanding, however, of how (and which) NAChR subunits combine to generate unique NAChR subtypes, particularly in neuronal cells. Indeed, there is evidence that only certain NAChR subtypes may be involved in diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, it is not clear whether NAChRs from analogous tissues or cell types are similar across species.

[0011] Accordingly, there is a need for the isolation and characterization of DNAs encoding each human neuronal NAChR subunit, recombinant cells containing such subunits and receptors prepared therefrom. In order to study the function of human neuronal AChRs and to obtain disease-specific pharmacologically active agents, there is also a need to obtain isolated (preferably purified) human neuronal nicotinic AChRs, and isolated (preferably purified) human neuronal nicotinic AChR subunits. In addition, there is also a need to develop assays to identify such pharmacologically active agents.

[0012] The availability of such DNAs, cells, receptor subunits and receptor compositions will eliminate the uncertainty of speculating as to human nNAChR structure and function based on predictions drawn from non-human nNAChR data, or human or non-human muscle or ganglia NAChR data.

[0013] Therefore, it is an object herein to isolate and characterize DNA encoding subunits of human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is also an object herein to provide methods for recombinant production of human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits. It is also an object herein to provide purified receptor subunits and to provide methods for screening compounds to identify compounds that modulate the activity of human neuronal AChRs.

[0014] These and other objects will become apparent to those of skill in the art upon further study of the specification and claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0015] In accordance with the present invention, there are provided isolated DNAs encoding novel human alpha and beta subunits of neuronal NAChRs. In particular, isolated DNA encoding human α₄, α₇, and β₄ subunits of neuronal NAChRs are provided. Messenger RNA and polypeptides encoded by the above-described DNA are also provided.

[0016] Further in accordance with the present invention, there are provided recombinant human neuronal nicotinic AChR subunits, including α₄, α₇, and β₄ subunits, as well as methods for the production thereof. in addition, recombinant human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors containing at least one human neuronal nicotinic AChR subunit are also provided, as well as methods for the production thereof. Further provided are recombinant neuronal nicotinic AChRs that contain a mixture of one or more NAChR subunits encoded by a host cell, and one or more nNAChR subunits encoded by heterologous DNA or RNA (i.e., DNA or RNA as described herein that has been introduced into the host cell), as well as methods for the production thereof.

[0017] Plasmids containing DNA encoding the above-described subunits are also provided. Recombinant cells containing the above-described DNA, mRNA or plasmids are also provided herein. Such cells are useful, for example, for replicating DNA, for producing human NAChR subunits and recombinant receptors, and for producing cells that express receptors containing one or more human subunits.

[0018] Also provided in accordance with the present invention are methods for identifying cells that express functional nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Methods for identifying compounds which modulate the activity of NAChRs are also provided.

[0019] The DNA, mRNA, vectors, receptor subunits, receptor subunit combinations and cells provided herein permit production of selected neuronal nicotinic AChR receptor subtypes and specific combinations thereof, as well as antibodies to the receptor subunits. This provides a means to prepare synthetic or recombinant receptors and receptor subunits that are substantially free of contamination from many other receptor proteins whose presence can interfere with analysis of a single NAChR subtype. The availability of desired receptor subtypes makes it possible to observe the effect of a drug substance on a particular receptor subtype and to thereby perform initial in vitro screening of the drug substance in a test system that is specific for humans and specific for a human neuronal nicotinic AChR subtype.

[0020] The availability of subunit-specific antibodies makes possible the application of the technique of immunohistochemistry to monitor the distribution and expression density of various subunits (e.g., in normal vs diseased brain tissue). Such antibodies could also be employed for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.

[0021] The ability to screen drug substances in vitro to determine the effect of the drug on specific receptor compositions should permit the development and screening of receptor subtype-specific or disease-specific drugs. Also, testing of single receptor subunits or specific receptor subtype combinations with a variety of potential agonists or antagonists provides additional information with respect to the function and activity of the individual subunits and should lead to the identification and design of compounds that are capable of very specific interaction with one or more of the receptor subunits or receptor subtypes. The resulting drugs should exhibit fewer unwanted side effects than drugs identified by screening with cells that express a variety of subtypes.

[0022] Further in relation to drug development and therapeutic treatment of various disease states, the availability of DNAs encoding human nNAChR subunits enables identification of any alterations in such genes (e.g., mutations) which may correlate with the occurrence of certain disease states. In addition, the creation of animal models of such disease states becomes possible, by specifically introducing such mutations into synthetic DNA sequences which can then be introduced into laboratory animals or in vitro assay systems to determine the effects thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURE

[0023]FIG. 1 presents a restriction map of two pCMV promoter-based vectors, pCMV-T7-2 and pCMV-T7-3.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0024] In accordance with the present invention, we have isolated and characterized DNAs encoding novel human alpha and beta subunits of neuronal NAChRs. Specifically, isolated DNAs encoding human α₄, α₇, and β₄ subunits of neuronal NAChRs are described herein. Recombinant messenger RNA (mRNA) and recombinant polypeptides encoded by the above-described DNA are also provided.

[0025] As used herein, isolated (or substantially pure) as a modifier of DNA, RNA, polypeptides or proteins means that the DNA, RNA, polypeptides or proteins so designated have been separated from their in vivo cellular environments through the efforts of human beings. Thus as used herein, isolated (or substantially pure) DNA refers to DNAs purified according to standard techniques employed by those skilled in the art (see, e.g., Maniatis et al.(1982) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.).

[0026] Similarly, as used herein, “recombinant” as a modifier of DNA, RNA, polypeptides or proteins means that the DNA, RNA, polypeptides or proteins so designated have been prepared by the efforts of human beings, e.g., by cloning, recombinant expression, and the like. Thus as used herein, recombinant proteins, for example, refers to proteins produced by a recombinant host, expressing DNAs which have been added to that host through the efforts of human beings.

[0027] As used herein, a human alpha subunit gene is a gene that encodes an alpha subunit of a human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. The alpha subunit is a subunit of the NAChR to which ACh binds. Assignment of the name “alpha” to a putative nNAChR subunit, according to Deneris et al. [Tips (1991) 12:34-40] is based on the conservation of adjacent cysteine residues in the presumed extracellular domain of the subunit that are the homologues of cysteines 192 and 193 of the Torpedo alpha subunit (see Noda et al. (1982) Nature 299:793-797). As used herein, an alpha subunit subtype refers to a human nNAChR subunit that is encoded by DNA that hybridizes under high stringency conditions to at least one of the nNAChR alpha subunit-encoding DNAs (or deposited clones) disclosed herein. An alpha subunit also binds to ACh under physiological conditions and at physiological concentrations and, in the optional presence of a beta subunit (i.e., some alpha subunits are functional alone, while others require the presence of a beta subunit), generally forms a functional AChR as assessed by methods described herein or known to those of skill in this art.

[0028] Also contemplated are alpha subunits encoded by DNAs that encode alpha subunits as defined above, but that by virtue of degeneracy of the genetic code do not necessarily hybridize to the disclosed DNA or deposited clones under specified hybridization conditions. Such subunits also form a functional receptor, as assessed by the methods described herein or known to those of skill in the art, generally with one or more beta subunit subtypes. Typically, unless an alpha subunit is encoded by RNA that arises from alternative splicing (i.e., a splice variant), alpha-encoding DNA and the alpha subunit encoded thereby share substantial sequence homology with at least one of the alpha subunit DNAs (and proteins encoded thereby) described or deposited herein. It is understood that DNA or RNA encoding a splice variant may overall share less than 90% homology with the DNA or RNA provided herein, but include regions of nearly 100% homology to a DNA fragment or deposited clone described herein, and encode an open reading frame that includes start and stop codons and encodes a functional alpha subunit.

[0029] As used herein, a splice variant refers to variant NAChR subunit-encoding nucleic acid(s) produced by differential processing of primary transcript(s) of genomic DNA, resulting in the production of more than one type of mRNA. cDNA derived from differentially processed genomic DNA will encode NAChR subunits that have regions of complete amino acid identity and regions having different amino acid sequences. Thus, the same genomic sequence can lead to the production of multiple, related mRNAs and proteins. The resulting mRNA and proteins are referred to herein as “splice variants”.

[0030] Stringency of hybridization is used herein to refer to conditions under which polynucleic acid hybrids are stable. As known to those of skill in the art, the stability of hybrids is reflected in the melting temperature (T_(m)) of the hybrids. T_(m) can be approximated by the formula:

81.5° C.−16.6(log₁₀[Na⁺])+0.41(% G+C)−600/l,

[0031] where l is the length of the hybrids in nucleotides. T_(m) decreases approximately 1-1.5° C. with every 1% decrease in sequence homology. In general, the stability of a hybrid is a function of sodium ion concentration and temperature. Typically, the hybridization reaction is performed under conditions of lower stringency, followed by washes of varying, but higher, stringency. Reference to hybridization stringency relates to such washing conditions. Thus, as used herein:

[0032] (1) HIGH STRINGENCY refers to conditions that permit hybridization of only those nucleic acid sequences that form stable hybrids in 0.018M NaCl at 65° C. (i.e., if a hybrid is not stable in 0.018M NaCl at 65° C., it will not be stable under high stringency conditions, as contemplated herein). High stringency conditions can be provided, for example, by hybridization in 50% formamide, 5×Denhardt's solution, 5×SSPE, 0.2% SDS at 42° C., followed by washing in 0.1×SSPE, and 0.1% SDS at 65° C.;

[0033] (2) MODERATE STRINGENCY refers to conditions equivalent to hybridization in 50% formamide, 5×Denhardt's solution, 5×SSPE, 0.2% SDS at 42° C., followed by washing in 0.2×SSPE, 0.2% SDS, at 65° C.; and

[0034] (3) LOW STRINGENCY refers to conditions equivalent to hybridization in 10% formamide, 5×Denhardt's solution, 6×SSPE, 0.2% SDS, followed by washing in 1×SSPE, 0.2% SDS, at 50° C.

[0035] It is understood that these conditions may be duplicated using a variety of buffers and temperatures and that they are not necessarily precise.

[0036] Denhardt's solution and SSPE (see, e.g., Sambrook, Fritsch, and Maniatis, in: Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989) are well known to those of skill in the art as are other suitable hybridization buffers. For example, SSPE is pH 7.4 phosphate-buffered 0.18M NaCl. SSPE can be prepared, for example, as a 20×stock solution by dissolving 175.3 g of NaCl, 27.6 g of NaH₂PO₄ and 7.4 g EDTA in 800 ml of water, adjusting the pH to 7.4, and then adding water to 1 liter. Denhardt's solution (see, Denhardt (1966) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 23:641) can be prepared, for example, as a 50×stock solution by mixing 5 g Ficoll (Type 400, Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology, INC., Piscataway N.J.), 5 g of polyvinylpyrrolidone, 5 g bovine serum albumin (Fraction V; Sigma, St. Louis Mo.) water to 500 ml and filtering to remove particulate matter.

[0037] The phrase “substantial sequence homology” is used herein in reference to the nucleotide sequence of DNA, the ribonucleotide sequence of RNA, or the amino acid sequence of protein, that have slight and non-consequential sequence variations from the actual sequences disclosed herein. Species having substantial sequence homology are considered to be equivalent to the disclosed sequences and as such are within the scope of the appended claims In this regard, “slight and non-consequential sequence variations” mean that “homologous” sequences, i.e., sequences that have substantial homology with the DNA, RNA, or proteins disclosed and claimed herein, are functionally equivalent to the sequences disclosed and claimed herein. Functionally equivalent sequences will function in substantially the same manner to produce substantially the same compositions as the nucleic acid and amino acid compositions disclosed and claimed herein. In particular, functionally equivalent DNAs encode proteins that are the same as those disclosed herein or that have conservative amino acid variations, such as substitution of a non-polar residue for another non-polar residue or a charged residue for a similarly charged residue. These changes include those recognized by those of skill in the art as those that do not substantially alter the tertiary structure of the protein.

[0038] In practice, the term substantially the same sequence means that DNA or RNA encoding two proteins hybridize under conditions of high stringency and encode proteins that have the same sequence of amino acids or have changes in sequence that do not alter their structure or function. As used herein, substantially identical sequences of nucleotides share at least about 90% identity, and substantially identical amino acid sequences share more than 95% amino acid identity. It is recognized, however, that proteins (and DNA or mRNA encoding such proteins) containing less than the above-described level of homology arising as splice variants or that are modified by conservative amino acid substitutions (or substitution of degenerate codons) are contemplated to be within the scope of the present invention.

[0039] As used herein, “α₄ subunit DNA” refers to DNA encoding a neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit of the same name. Such DNA can be characterized in a number of ways, for example

[0040] the DNA may encode the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ. ID No. 6, or

[0041] the DNA may encode the amino acid sequence encoded by clone HnAChRα4.2, deposited under ATCC Accession No. 69239, or the 5′ nucleotides of the DNA may encode the amino acid sequence encoded by clone HnAChRα4.1, deposited under ATCC Accession No. 69152.

[0042] Presently preferred α₄-encoding DNAs can be characterized as follows

[0043] the DNA may hybridize to the coding sequence set forth in SEQ. ID No. 5 (preferably to substantially the entire coding sequence thereof, i.e., nucleotides 184-2067) under high stringency conditions, or

[0044] the DNA may hybridize under high stringency conditions to the sequence (preferably to substantially the entire sequence) of the α₄-encoding insert of clone HnAChRα4.2, deposited under ATCC Accession No. 69239, or

[0045] the 5′ nucleotides of the DNA may hybridize under high stringency conditions to the sequence of the α₄-encoding insert of clone HnAChRα4.1, deposited under ATCC Accession No. 69152.

[0046] Especially preferred α₄-encoding DNAs of the invention are characterized as follows

[0047] DNA having substantially the same nucleotide sequence as the coding region set forth in SEQ. ID No. 5 (i.e., nucleotides 184-2067 thereof), or

[0048] DNA having substantially the same nucleotide sequence as the α₄-encoding insert of clone HnAChRα4.2, deposited under ATCC Accession No.69239, or

[0049] the 5′ nucleotides of the DNA have substantially the same sequence as the α₄-encoding insert of clone HnAChRα4.1, deposited under ATCC Accession No. 69152.

[0050] Typically, unless an α₄ subunit arises as a splice variant, α₄-encoding DNA will share substantial sequence homology (i.e., greater than about 90%), with the α₄ DNAs described or deposited herein. DNA or RNA encoding a splice variant may share less than 90% overall sequence homology with the DNA or RNA provided herein, but such a splice variant would include regions of nearly 100% homology to the above-described DNAs.

[0051] As used herein, “α₇ subunit DNA” refers to DNA encoding a neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit of the same name. Such DNA can be characterized in a number of ways, for example, the nucleotides of the DNA may encode the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ. ID No. 8. Presently preferred α₇-encoding DNAs can be characterized as DNA which hybridizes under high stringency conditions to the coding sequence set forth in SEQ. ID No. 7 (preferably to substantially the entire coding sequence thereof, i.e., nucleotides 73-1581). Especially preferred α₇-encoding DNAs of the invention are characterized as having substantially the same nucleotide sequence as the coding sequence set forth in SEQ. ID No. 7 (i.e., nucleotides 73-1581 thereof).

[0052] Typically, unless an α₇ subunit arises as a splice variant, α₇-encoding DNA will share substantial sequence homology (greater than about 90%) with the α₇ DNAs described or deposited herein. DNA or RNA encoding a splice variant may share less than 90% overall sequence homology with the DNA or RNA provided herein, but such DNA would include regions of nearly 100% homology to the above-described DNA.

[0053] The α₇ subunits derived from the above-described DNA are expected to bind to the neurotoxin α-bungarotoxin (α-bgtx). The activity of AChRs that contain α₇ subunits should be inhibited upon interaction with α-bgtx. Amino acid residues 210 through 217, as set forth in SEQ ID No. 8, are believed to be important elements in the binding of α-bgtx (see, for example, Chargeaux et al. (1992) 13:299-301).

[0054] As used herein, a human beta subunit gene is a gene that encodes a beta subunit of a human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Assignment of the name “beta” to a putative nNAChR subunit, according to Deneris et al. supra, is based on the lack of adjacent cysteine residues (which are characteristic of alpha subunits). The beta subunit is frequently referred to as the structural NAChR subunit (although it is possible that beta subunits also have ACh binding properties). Combination of beta subunit(s) with appropriate alpha subunit(s) leads to the formation of a functional receptor. As used herein, a beta subunit subtype refers to a nNAChR subunit that is encoded by DNA that hybridizes under high stringency conditions to at least one of the nNAChR-encoding DNAs (or deposited clones) disclosed herein. A beta subunit forms a functional NAChR, as assessed by methods described herein or known to those of skill in this art, with appropriate alpha subunit subtype(s).

[0055] Also contemplated are beta subunits encoded by DNAs that encode beta subunits as defined above, but that by virtue of degeneracy of the genetic code do not necessarily hybridize to the disclosed DNA or deposited clones under the specified hybridization conditions. Such subunits also form functional receptors, as assessed by the methods described herein or known to those of skill in the art, in combination with appropriate alpha subunit subtype(s). Typically, unless a beta subunit is encoded by RNA that arises as a splice variant, beta-encoding DNA and the beta subunit encoded thereby share substantial sequence homology with the beta-encoding DNA and beta subunit protein described herein. It is understood that DNA or RNA encoding a splice variant may share less than 90% overall homology with the DNA or RNA provided herein, but such DNA will include regions of nearly 100% homology to the DNA described herein.

[0056] As used herein, “β₄ subunit DNA” refers to DNA encoding a neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit of the same name. Such DNA can be characterized in a number of ways, for example, the nucleotides of the DNA may encode the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ. ID No. 12. Presently preferred β₄-encoding DNAs can be characterized as DNA which hybridizes under high stringency conditions to the coding sequence set forth in SEQ. ID No. 11 (preferably to substantially the entire coding sequence thereof, i.e., nucleotides 87-1583). Especially preferred β₄-encoding DNAs of the invention are characterized as having substantially the same nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ. ID No. 11.

[0057] Typically, unless a β₄ subunit arises as a splice variant, β₄-encoding DNA will share substantial sequence homology (greater than about 90%) with the β₄ DNAs described or deposited herein. DNA or RNA encoding a splice variant may share less than 90% overall sequence homology with the DNA or RNA provided herein, but such DNA would include regions of nearly 100% homology to the above-described DNA.

[0058] DNA encoding human neuronal nicotinic AChR alpha and beta subunits may be isolated by screening suitable human cDNA or human genomic libraries under suitable hybridization conditions with DNA disclosed herein (including nucleotides derived from any of SEQ ID Nos. 5, 7, 9 or 11, or with any of the deposited clones referred to herein (e.g., ATCC accession no. 69239 or 69152). Suitable libraries can be prepared from neuronal tissue samples, hippocampus tissue, or cell lines, such as the human neuroblastoma cell line IMR32 (ATCC Accession No. CCL127), and the like. The library is preferably screened with a portion of DNA including the entire subunit-encoding sequence thereof, or the library may be screened with a suitable probe.

[0059] As used herein, a probe is single-stranded DNA or RNA that has a sequence of nucleotides that includes at least 14 contiguous bases that are the same as (or the complement of) any 14 bases set forth in any of SEQ ID Nos. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11, or in the subunit encoding DNA in any of the deposited clones described herein (e.g., ATCC accession no. 69239 or 69152). Preferred regions from which to construct probes include 5′ and/or 3′ coding sequences, sequences predicted to encode transmembrane domains, sequences predicted to encode the cytoplasmic loop, signal sequences, acetylcholine (ACh) and α-bungarotoxin (α-bgtx) binding sites, and the like. Amino acids 210-220 are typically involved in ACh and α-bgtx binding. The approximate amino acid residues which comprise such regions for other preferred probes are set forth in the following table: sub- signal cytoplasmic unit sequence TMD*1 TMD2 TMD3 TMD4 loop α₂ 1-55 264-289 297- 326- 444- 351-443 320 350 515 α₃ 1-30 240-265 273- 302- 459- 327-458 296 326 480 α₄ 1-33 241-269 275- 303- 593- 594-617 289 330 618 α₇ 1-23 229-256 262- 290- 462- 318-461 284 317 487 β₂ 1-25 234-259 267- 295- 453- 321-452 288 320 477 β₄ 1-23 234-258 264- 290- 454- 320-453 285 319 478

[0060] Alternatively, portions of the DNA can be used as primers to amplify selected fragments in a particular library.

[0061] After screening the library, positive clones are identified by detecting a hybridization signal; the identified clones are characterized by restriction enzyme mapping and/or DNA sequence analysis, and then examined, by comparison with the sequences set forth herein or with the deposited clones described herein, to ascertain whether they include DNA encoding a complete alpha or beta subunit. If the selected clones are incomplete, they may be used to rescreen the same or a different library to obtain overlapping clones. If desired, the library can be rescreened with positive clones until overlapping clones that encode an entire alpha or beta subunit are obtained. If the library is a cDNA library, then the overlapping clones will include an open reading frame. If the library is genomic, then the overlapping clones may include exons and introns. In both instances, complete clones may be identified by comparison with the DNA and encoded proteins provided herein.

[0062] Complementary DNA clones encoding various subtypes of human nNAChR alpha and beta subunits have been isolated. Each subtype of the subunit appears to be encoded by a different gene. The DNA clones provided herein may be used to isolate genomic clones encoding each subtype and to isolate any splice variants by screening libraries prepared from different neural tissues. Nucleic acid amplification techniques, which are well known in the art, can be used to locate splice variants of human NAChR subunits. This is accomplished by employing oligonucleotides based on DNA sequences surrounding divergent sequence(s) as primers for amplifying human RNA or genomic DNA. Size and sequence determinations of the amplification products can reveal the existence of splice variants. Furthermore, isolation of human genomic DNA sequences by hybridization can yield DNA containing multiple exons, separated by introns, that correspond to different splice variants of transcripts encoding human NAChR subunits.

[0063] It has been found that not all subunit subtypes are expressed in all neural tissues or in all portions of the brain. Thus, in order to isolate cDNA encoding particular subunit subtypes or splice variants of such subtypes, it is preferable to screen libraries prepared from different neuronal or neural tissues. Preferred libraries for obtaining DNA encoding each subunit include: hippocampus to isolate human α₄- and α₅-encoding DNA; IMR32 to isolate human α₃-, α₅-, α₇- and β₄-encoding DNA, thalamus to isolate α₂ and β₂-encoding DNA; and the like.

[0064] It appears that the distribution of expression of human neuronal nicotinic AChRs differs from the distribution of such receptors in rat. For example, RNA encoding the rat α₄ subunit is abundant in rat thalamus, but is not abundant in rat hippocampus (see, e.g., Wada et al. (1989) J. Comp. Neurol 284:314-335). No α₄-encoding clones could be obtained, however, from a human thalamus library. Instead, human α₄ clones were ultimately obtained from a human hippocampus library. Thus, the distribution of α₄ nNAChR subunit in humans and rats appears to be quite different.

[0065] Rat α₃ subunit appears to be a CNS-associated subunit that is abundantly expressed in the thalamus and weakly expressed in the brain stem (see, e.g., Boulter et al. (1986) Nature 319:368-374; Boulter et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:7763-7767; and Wada et al. (1989) J. Comp. Neurol 284:314-335). In efforts to clone DNA encoding the human nicotinic AChR α₃ subunit, however, several human libraries, including a thalamus library, were unsuccessfully screened. Surprisingly, clones encoding human α₃ subunit were ultimately obtained from a brain stem library and from IMR32 cells that reportedly express few, if any, functional nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (see, e.g., Gotti et al. ((1986) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 137: 1141-1147, and Clementi et al. (1986) J. Neurochem. 47: 291-297).

[0066] Rat α₇ subunit transcript reportedly is abundantly expressed in the hippocampus (see Seguela et al. (1993) J. Neurosci. 13:596-604). Efforts to clone DNA encoding a human α₇ subunit from a human hippocampus library (1×10⁶ recombinants) were unsuccessful. Surprisingly, clones encoding a human NAChR α₇ subunit were ultimately obtained from an IMR32 cell cDNA library.

[0067] The above-described nucleotide sequences can be incorporated into vectors for further manipulation. As used herein, vector (or plasmid) refers to discrete elements that are used to introduce heterologous DNA into cells for either expression or replication thereof. Selection and use of such vehicles are well within the level of skill of the art.

[0068] An expression vector includes vectors capable of expressing DNAs that are operatively linked with regulatory sequences, such as promoter regions, that are capable of effecting expression of such DNA fragments. Thus, an expression vector refers to a recombinant DNA or RNA construct, such as a plasmid, a phage, recombinant virus or other vector that, upon introduction into an appropriate host cell, results in expression of the cloned DNA. Appropriate expression vectors are well known to those of skill in the art and include those that are replicable in eukaryotic cells and/or prokaryotic cells and those that remain episomal or those which integrate into the host cell genome. Presently preferred plasmids for expression of invention AChR subunits in eukaryotic host cells, particularly mammalian cells, include cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter-containing vectors such as pCMV, pcDNA1, and the like.

[0069] As used herein, a promoter region refers to a segment of DNA that controls transcription of DNA to which it is operatively linked. The promoter region includes specific sequences that are sufficient for RNA polymerase recognition, binding and transcription initiation. This portion of the promoter region is referred to as the promoter. In addition, the promoter region includes sequences that modulate this recognition, binding and transcription initiation activity of RNA polymerase. These sequences may be cis acting or may be responsive to trans acting factors. Promoters, depending upon the nature of the regulation, may be constitutive or regulated. Exemplary promoters contemplated for use in the practice of the present invention include the SV40 early promoter, the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) steroid-inducible promoter, Moloney murine leukemia virus (MMLV) promoter, and the like.

[0070] As used herein, the term “operatively linked” refers to the functional relationship of DNA with regulatory and effector sequences of nucleotides, such as promoters, enhancers, transcriptional and translational stop sites, and other signal sequences. For example, operative linkage of DNA to a promoter refers to the physical and functional relationship between the DNA and the promoter such that the transcription of such DNA is initiated from the promoter by an RNA polymerase that specifically recognizes, binds to and transcribes the DNA. In order to optimize expression and/or in vitro transcription, it may be necessary to remove or alter 5′ untranslated portions of the clones to remove extra, potential alternative translation initiation (i.e., start) codons or other sequences that interfere with or reduce expression, either at the level of transcription or translation. Alternatively, consensus ribosome binding sites (see, for example, Kozak (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266:19867-19870) can be inserted immediately 5′ of the start codon to enhance expression. The desirability of (or need for) such modification may be empirically determined.

[0071] As used herein, expression refers to the process by which polynucleic acids are transcribed into mRNA and translated into peptides, polypeptides, or proteins. If the polynucleic acid is derived from genomic DNA, expression may, if an appropriate eukaryotic host cell or organism is selected, include splicing of the mRNA.

[0072] Particularly preferred vectors for transfection of mammalian cells are the pSV2dhfr expression vectors, which contain the SV40 early promoter, mouse dhfr gene, SV40 polyadenylation and splice sites and sequences necessary for maintaining the vector in bacteria, cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter-based vectors such as pCDNA1 (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.), and MMTV promoter-based vectors such as pMSG (Catalog No. 27-4506-01 from Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.).

[0073] Full-length DNAs encoding human neuronal NAChR subunits have been inserted into vector pCMV-T7, a pUC19-based mammalian cell expression vector containing the CMV promoter/enhancer, SV40 splice/donor sites located immediately downstream of the promoter, a polylinker downstream of the splice/donor sites, followed by an SV40 polyadenylation signal. Placement of NAChR subunit DNA between the CMV promoter and SV40 polyadenylation signal provides for constitutive expression of the foreign DNA in a mammalian host cell transfected with the construct. For inducible expression of human NAChR subunit-encoding DNA in a mammalian cell, the DNA can be inserted into a plasmid such as pMSG. This plasmid contains the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter for steroid-inducible expression of operatively associated foreign DNA. If the host cell does not express endogenous glucocorticoid receptors required for uptake of glucorcorticoids (i.e., inducers of the MMTV promoter) into the cell, it is necessary to additionally transfect the cell with DNA encoding the glucocorticoid receptor (ATCC accession no. 67200). Full-length human DNA clones encoding human α₃, α₄, α₇, β₂ and β₄ have also been subcloned into pIBI24 (International Biotechnologies, Inc., New Haven, Conn.) or pCMV-T7-2 for synthesis of in vitro transcripts.

[0074] In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, there are provided cells containing the above-described polynucleic acids (i.e., DNA or mRNA). Such host cells as bacterial, yeast and mammalian cells can be used for replicating DNA and producing nAChR subunit(s). Methods for constructing expression vectors, preparing in vitro transcripts, transfecting DNA into mammalian cells, injecting oocytes, and performing electrophysiological and other analyses for assessing receptor expression and function as described herein are also described in PCT Application Nos. PCT/US91/02311, PCT/US91/05625 and PCT/US92/11090, and in co-pending U.S. application Ser. Nos. 07/504,455, 07/563,751 and 07/812,254. The subject matter of these applications are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

[0075] Incorporation of cloned DNA into a suitable expression vector, transfection of eukaryotic cells with a plasmid vector or a combination of plasmid vectors, each encoding one or more distinct genes or with linear DNA, and selection of transfected cells are well known in the art (see, e.g., Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press). Heterologous DNA may be introduced into host cells by any method known to those of skill in the art, such as transfection with a vector encoding the heterologous DNA by CaPO₄ precipitation (see, e.g., Wigler et al. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 76:1373-1376). Recombinant cells can then be cultured under conditions whereby the subunit(s) encoded by the DNA is (are) expressed. Preferred cells include mammalian cells (e.g., HEK 293, CHO and Ltk cells), yeast cells (e.g., methylotrophic yeast cells, such as Pichia pastoris), bacterial cells (e.g., Escherichia coli), and the like.

[0076] While the DNA provided herein may be expressed in any eukaryotic cell, including yeast cells (such as, for example, P. pastoris (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,882,279, 4,837,148, 4,929,555 and 4,855,231), Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida tropicalis, Hansenula polymorpha, and the like), mammalian expression systems, including commercially available systems and other such systems known to those of skill in the art, for expression of DNA encoding the human neuronal nicotinic AChR subunits provided herein are presently preferred. Xenopus oocytes are preferred for expression of RNA transcripts of the DNA.

[0077] In preferred embodiments, DNA is ligated into a vector, and introduced into suitable host cells to produce transformed cell lines that express a specific human nNAChR receptor subtype, or specific combinations of subtypes. The resulting cell lines can then be produced in quantity for reproducible quantitative analysis of the effects of drugs on receptor function. In other embodiments, mRNA may be produced by in vitro transcription of DNA encoding each subunit. This mRNA, either from a single subunit clone or from a combination of clones, can then be injected into Xenopus oocytes where the mRNA directs the synthesis of the human receptor subunits, which then form functional receptors. Alternatively, the subunit-encoding DNA can be directly injected into oocytes for expression of functional receptors. The transfected mammalian cells or injected oocytes may then be used in the methods of drug screening provided herein.

[0078] Cloned full-length DNA encoding any of the subunits of human neuronal nicotinic AChR may be introduced into a plasmid vector for expression in a eukaryotic cell. Such DNA may be genomic DNA or cDNA. Host cells may be transfected with one or a combination of plasmids, each of which encodes at least one human neuronal nicotinic AChR subunit.

[0079] Eukaryotic cells in which DNA or RNA may be introduced include any cells that are transfectable by such DNA or RNA or into which such DNA or RNA may be injected. Preferred cells are those that can be transiently or stably transfected and also express the DNA and RNA. Presently most preferred cells are those that can form recombinant or heterologous human neuronal nicotinic AChRs comprising one or more subunits encoded by the heterologous DNA. Such cells may be identified empirically or selected from among those known to be readily transfected or injected.

[0080] Exemplary cells for introducing DNA include cells of mammalian origin (e.g., COS cells, mouse L cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, human embryonic kidney cells, African green monkey cells and other such cells known to those of skill in the art), amphibian cells (e.g., Xenopus laevis oöcytes), yeast cells (e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris), and the like. Exemplary cells for expressing injected RNA transcripts include Xenopus laevis oöcytes. Cells that are preferred for transfection of DNA are known to those of skill in the art or may be empirically identified, and include HEK 293 (which are available from ATCC under accession #CRL 1573); Ltk cells (which are available from ATCC under accession #CCL1.3); COS-7 cells (which are available from ATCC under accession #CRL 1651); and DG44 cells (dhfr CHO cells; see, e.g., Urlaub et al. (1986) Cell. Molec. Genet. 12: 555). Presently preferred cells include DG44 cells and HEK 293 cells, particularly HEK 293 cells that have been adapted for growth in suspension and that can be frozen in liquid nitrogen and then thawed and regrown. HEK 293 cells are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,024,939 to Gorman (see, also, Stillman et al. (1985) Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:2051-2060).

[0081] DNA may be stably incorporated into cells or may be transiently introduced using methods known in the art. Stably transfected mammalian cells may be prepared by transfecting cells with an expression vector having a selectable marker gene (such as, for example, the gene for thymidine kinase, dihydrofolate reductase, neomycin resistance, and the like), and growing the transfected cells under conditions selective for cells expressing the marker gene. To produce such cells, the cells should be transfected with a sufficient concentration of subunit-encoding nucleic acids to form human neuronal nicotinic AChRs that contain the human subunits encoded by heterologous DNA. The precise amounts and ratios of DNA encoding the subunits may be empirically determined and optimized for a particular combination of subunits, cells and assay conditions. Recombinant cells that express neuronal nicotinic AChR containing subunits encoded only by the heterologous DNA or RNA are especially preferred.

[0082] Heterologous DNA may be maintained in the cell as an episomal element or may be integrated into chromosomal DNA of the cell. The resulting recombinant cells may then be cultured or subcultured (or passaged, in the case of mammalian cells) from such a culture or a subculture thereof. Methods for transfection, injection and culturing recombinant cells are known to the skilled artisan. Similarly, the human neuronal nicotinic AChR subunits may be purified using protein purification methods known to those of skill in the art. For example, antibodies or other ligands that specifically bind to one or more of the subunits may be used for affinity purification of the subunit or human neuronal nicotinic AChRs containing the subunits.

[0083] In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, methods for producing cells that express human neuronal nicotinic AChR subunits and functional receptors are also provided. In one such method, host cells are transfected with DNA encoding at least one alpha subunit of a neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and at least one beta subunit of a neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Using methods such as northern blot or slot blot analysis, transfected cells that contain alpha and/or beta subunit encoding DNA or RNA can be selected. Transfected cells are also analyzed to identify those that express NAChR protein. Analysis can be carried out, for example, by measuring the ability of cells to bind acetylcholine, nicotine; or a nicotine agonist, compared to the nicotine binding ability of untransfected host cells or other suitable control cells, by electrophysiologically monitoring the currents through the cell membrane in response to a nicotine agonist, and the like.

[0084] In particularly preferred aspects, eukaryotic cells which contain heterologous DNAs express such DNA and form recombinant functional neuronal nicotinic AChR(s). In more preferred aspects, recombinant neuronal nicotinic AChR activity is readily detectable because it is a type that is absent from the untransfected host cell or is of a magnitude not exhibited in the untransfected cell. Such cells that contain recombinant receptors could be prepared, for example, by causing cells transformed with DNA encoding the human neuronal nicotinic AChR α₃ and β₄ subunits to express the corresponding proteins. The resulting synthetic or recombinant receptor would contain only the α₃ and β₄ nNAChR subunits. Such a receptor would be useful for a variety of applications, e.g., as part of an assay system free of the interferences frequently present in prior art assay systems employing non-human receptors or human tissue preparations. Furthermore, testing of single receptor subunits with a variety of potential agonists or antagonists would provide additional information with respect to the function and activity of the individual subunits. Such information may lead to the identification of compounds which are capable of very specific interaction with one or more of the receptor subunits. Such specificity may prove of great value in medical application.

[0085] Thus, DNA encoding one or more human neuronal nicotinic AChR subunits may be introduced into suitable host cells (e.g., eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells) for expression of individual subunits and functional NAChRs. Preferably combinations of alpha and beta subunits may be introduced into cells: such combinations include combinations of any one or more of α₁, α₂, α₃, α₄, α₅ and α₇ with β₂ or β₄. Sequence information for α₁ is presented in Biochem. Soc. Trans. (1989) 17:219-220; sequence information for α₅ is presented in Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1992) 89:1572-1576; and sequence information for α₂, α₃, α₄, α₇, β₂ and β₄ is presented in the Sequence Listing provided herewith. Presently preferred combinations of subunits include any one or more of α₁, α₂, α₃ or α₅ with β₄; or α₄ or α₇ in combination with either β₂ or β₄. It is recognized that some of the subunits may have ion transport function in the absence of additional subunits. For example, the α₇ subunit is functional in the absence of any added beta subunit.

[0086] As used herein, “α₂ subunit DNA” refers to DNA that encodes a human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit of the same name, and to DNA that hybridizes under conditions of high stringency to the DNA of SEQ ID No. 1, or to the DNA of deposited clone having ATCC Accession No. 68277, or to DNA that encodes the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID No. 2. Typically, unless an α₂ subunit arises as a splice variant, an α₂ DNA shares substantial sequence homology (greater than about 90%) with the α₂ DNA described herein. DNA or RNA encoding a splice variant may share less than 90% overall sequence homology with the DNA or RNA described herein, but such a splice variant would include regions of nearly 100% homology to the above-described DNA.

[0087] As used herein, “α₃ subunit DNA” refers to DNA that encodes a neuronal subunit of the same name, and to DNA that hybridizes under conditions of high stringency to the DNA of SEQ ID No. 3, or to the DNA of deposited clone having ATCC Accession No. 68278, or to DNA that encodes the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID No. 4. Typically, unless an α₃ arises as a splice variant, an α₃ DNA shares substantial sequence homology (greater than about 90%) with the α₃ DNA described herein. DNA or RNA encoding a splice variant may share less than 90% overall sequence homology with the DNA or RNA provided herein, but such a splice variant would include regions of nearly 100% homology to the above described DNA.

[0088] As used herein, “α₅ subunit DNA” refers to DNA that encodes a human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit of the same name, as described, for example, by Chini et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:1572-1576.

[0089] As used herein, “β₂ subunit DNA” refers to DNA that encodes a neuronal subunit of the same name and, to DNA that hybridizes under conditions of high stringency to the DNA of SEQ ID No. 9, or to the DNA of deposited clone HnAChRβ2, having ATCC Accession No. 68279, or to DNA encoding the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID No. 10. Typically, unless β₂ subunit arises as a splice variant, a β₂ DNA shares substantial sequence homology (greater than about 90%) with the β₂ DNA described herein. DNA or RNA encoding a splice variant may share overall less than 90% homology with the DNA or RNA provided herein, but such a splice variant would include regions of nearly 100% homology to the above-described DNA.

[0090] In certain embodiments, eukaryotic cells with heterologous human neuronal nicotinic AChRs are produced by introducing into the cell a first composition, which contains at least one RNA transcript that is translated in the cell into a subunit of a human neuronal nicotinic AChR. In preferred embodiments, the subunits that are translated include an alpha subunit of a human neuronal nicotinic AChR. More preferably, the composition that is introduced contains an RNA transcript which encodes an alpha subunit and also contains an RNA transcript which encodes a beta subunit of a human neuronal nicotinic AChR. RNA transcripts can be obtained from cells transfected with DNAs encoding human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits or by in vitro transcription of subunit-encoding DNAs. Methods for in vitro transcription of cloned DNA and injection of the resulting mRNA into eukaryotic cells are well known in the art. Amphibian oocytes are particularly preferred for expression of in vitro transcripts of the human nNAChR DNA clones provided herein. See, for example, Dascal (1989) CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem. 22:317-387, for a review of the use of Xenopus oocytes to study ion channels.

[0091] Thus, pairwise (or stepwise) introduction of DNA or RNA encoding alpha and beta subtypes into cells is possible. The resulting cells may be tested by the methods provided herein or known to those of skill in the art to detect functional AChR activity. Such testing will allow the identification of pairs of alpha and beta subunit subtypes that produce functional AChRs, as well as individual subunits that produce functional AChRs.

[0092] As used herein, activity of a human neuronal nicotinic AChR refers to any activity characteristic of an NAChR. Such activity can typically be measured by one or more in vitro methods, and frequently corresponds to an in vivo activity of a human neuronal nicotinic AChR. Such activity may be measured by any method known to those of skill in the art, such as, for example, measuring the amount of current which flows through the recombinant channel in response to a stimulus.

[0093] Methods to determine the presence and/or activity of human neuronal nicotinic AChRs include assays that measure nicotine binding, ⁸⁶Rb ion-flux, Ca²⁺ influx, the electrophysiological response of cells, the electrophysiological response of oocytes transfected with RNA from the cells, and the like. In particular, methods are provided herein for the measurement or detection of an AChR-mediated response upon contact of cells containing the DNA or mRNA with a test compound.

[0094] As used herein, a recombinant or heterologous human neuronal nicotinic AChR refers to a receptor that contains one or more subunits encoded by heterologous DNA that has been introduced into and expressed in cells capable of expressing receptor protein. A recombinant human neuronal nicotinic AChR may also include subunits that are produced by DNA endogenous to the host cell. In certain embodiments, recombinant or heterologous human neuronal nicotinic AChR may contain only subunits that are encoded by heterologous DNA.

[0095] As used herein, heterologous or foreign DNA and RNA are used interchangeably and refer to DNA or RNA that does not occur naturally as part of the genome of the cell in which it is present or to DNA or RNA which is found in a location or locations in the genome that differ from that in which it occurs in nature. Typically, heterologous or foreign DNA and RNA refers to DNA or RNA that is not endogenous to the host cell and has been artificially introduced into the cell. Examples of heterologous DNA include DNA that encodes a human neuronal nicotinic AChR subunit, DNA that encodes RNA or proteins that mediate or alter expression of endogenous DNA by affecting transcription, translation, or other regulatable biochemical processes, and the like. The cell that expresses heterologous DNA may contain DNA encoding the same or different expression products. Heterologous DNA need not be expressed and may be integrated into the host cell genome or maintained episomally.

[0096] Recombinant receptors on recombinant eukaryotic cell surfaces may contain one or more subunits encoded by the DNA or mRNA encoding human neuronal nicotinic AChR subunits, or may contain a mixture of subunits encoded by the host cell and subunits encoded by heterologous DNA or mRNA. Recombinant receptors may be homogeneous or may be a mixture of subtypes. Mixtures of DNA or mRNA encoding receptors from various species, such as rats and humans, may also be introduced into the cells. Thus, a cell can be prepared that expresses recombinant receptors containing only α₃ and β₄ subunits, or any other combination of alpha and beta subunits provided herein. For example, α₄ and/or α₇ subunits of the present invention can be co-expressed with β₂ and/or β₄ receptor subunits; similarly, β₄ subunits according to the present invention can be co-expressed with α₂, α₃, α₄, α₅ and/or α₇ receptor subunits. As noted previously, some of the nNAChR subunits may be capable of forming functional receptors in the absence of other subunits, thus co-expression is not always required to produce functional receptors.

[0097] As used herein, a functional neuronal nicotinic AChR is a receptor that exhibits an activity of neuronal nicotinic AChRs as assessed by any in vitro or in vivo assay disclosed herein or known to those of skill in the art. Possession of any such activity that may be assessed by any method known to those of skill in the art and provided herein is sufficient to designate a receptor as functional. Methods for detecting NAChR protein and/or activity include, for example, assays that measure nicotine binding, ⁸⁶Rb ion-flux, Ca²⁺ influx, the electrophysiofogical response of cells containing heterologous DNA or mRNA encoding one or more receptor subunit subtypes, and the like. Since all combinations of alpha and beta subunits may not form functional receptors, numerous combinations of alpha and beta subunits should be tested in order to fully characterize a particular subunit and cells which produce same. Thus, as used herein, “functional” with respect to a recombinant or heterologous human neuronal nicotinic AChR means that the receptor channel is able to provide for and regulate entry of human neuronal nicotinic AChR-permeable ions, such as, for example, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca ²⁺ or Ba²⁺, in response to a stimulus and/or bind ligands with affinity for the receptor. Preferably such human neuronal nicotinic AChR activity is distinguishable, such as by electrophysiological, pharmacological and other means known to those of skill in the art, from any endogenous nicotinic AChR activity that may be produced by the host cell.

[0098] In accordance with a particular embodiment of the present invention, recombinant human neuronal nicotinic AChR-expressing mammalian cells or oocytes can be contacted with a test compound, and the modulating effect(s) thereof can then be evaluated by comparing the AChR-mediated response in the presence and absence of test compound, or by comparing the AChR-mediated response of test cells, or control cells (i.e., cells that do not express nNAChRs), to the presence of the compound.

[0099] As used herein, a compound or signal that “modulates the activity of a neuronal nicotinic AChR” refers to a compound or signal that alters the activity of NAChR so that activity of the NAChR is different in the presence of the compound or signal than in the absence of the compound or signal. In particular, such compounds or signals include agonists and antagonists. The term agonist refers to a substance or signal, such as ACh, that activates receptor function; and the term antagonist refers to a substance that interferes with receptor function. Typically, the effect of an antagonist is observed as a blocking of activation by an agonist. Antagonists include competitive and non-competitive antagonists. A competitive antagonist (or competitive blocker) interacts with or near the site specific for the agonist (e.g., ligand or neurotransmitter) for the same or closely situated site. A non-competitive antagonist or blocker inactivates the functioning of the receptor by interacting with a site other than the site that interacts with the agonist.

[0100] As understood by those of skill in the art, assay methods for identifying compounds that modulate human neuronal nicotinic AChR activity (e.g., agonists and antagonists) generally require comparison to a control. One type of a “control” cell or “control” culture is a cell or culture that is treated substantially the same as the cell or culture exposed to the test compound, except the control culture is not exposed to test compound. For example, in methods that use voltage clamp electrophysiological procedures, the same cell can be tested in the presence and absence of test compound, by merely changing the external solution bathing the cell. Another type of “control” cell or “control” culture may be a cell or a culture of cells which are identical to the transfected cells, except the cells employed for the control culture do not express functional human neuronal nicotinic AChRs. In this situation, the response of test cell to test compound is compared to the response (or lack of response) of receptor-negative (control) cell to test compound, when cells or cultures of each type of cell are exposed to substantially the same reaction conditions in the presence of compound being assayed.

[0101] The functional recombinant human neuronal nicotinic AChR includes at least an alpha subunit, or an alpha subunit and a beta subunit of a human neuronal nicotinic AChR. Eukaryotic cells expressing these subunits have been prepared by injection of RNA transcripts and by transfection of DNA. Such cells have exhibited nicotinic AChR activity attributable to human neuronal nicotinic AChRs that contain one or more of the heterologous human neuronal nicotinic AChR subunits. For example, Xenopus laevis oocytes that had been injected with in vitro transcripts of the DNA encoding human neuronal nicotinic AChR α₃ and β₄ subunits exhibited AChR agonist induced currents; whereas cells that had been injected with transcripts of either the α₃ or β₄ subunit alone did not. In addition, HEK 293 cells that had been co-transfected with DNA encoding human neuronal NAChR α₃ and β₄ subunits exhibited AChR agonist-induced increases in intracellular calcium concentration, whereas control HEK 293 cells (i.e., cells that had not been transfected with α₃- and β₄-encoding DNA) did not exhibit any AChR agonist-induced increases in intracellular calcium concentration.

[0102] With respect to measurement of the activity of functional heterologous human neuronal nicotinic AChRs, endogenous AChR activity and, if desired, activity of AChRs that contain a mixture of endogenous host cell subunits and heterologous subunits, should, if possible, be inhibited to a significant extent by chemical, pharmacological and electrophysiological means.

DEPOSITS

[0103] The deposited clones have been deposited at the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md., U.S.A. 20852, under the terms of the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of Deposits of Microorganisms for Purposes of Patent Procedure and the Regulations promulgated under this Treaty. Samples of the deposited material are and will be available to industrial property offices and other persons legally entitled to receive them under the terms of the Treaty and Regulations and otherwise in compliance with the patent laws and regulations of the United States of America and all other nations or international organizations in which this application, or an application claiming priority of this application, is filed or in which any patent granted on any such application is granted. In particular, upon issuance of a U.S. patent based on this or any application claiming priority to or incorporating this application by reference thereto, all restrictions upon availability of the deposited material will be irrevocably removed.

[0104] The invention will now be described in greater detail with reference to the following non-limiting examples.

EXAMPLE 1 Isolation of DNA Encoding Human nNAChR Subunits

[0105] A. DNA Encoding a Human nNAChR β₄ Subunit

[0106] Random primers were used in synthesizing cDNA from RNA isolated from the IMR32 human neuroblastoma cell line (the cells had been treated with dibutyryl cAMP and bromodeoxyuridine prior to constructing the library). The library constructed from the cDNAs was screened with a fragment of a rat nicotinic AChR β₄ subunit cDNA. Hybridization was performed at 42° C. in 5×SSPE, 5×Denhardt's solution, 50% formamide, 200 μg/ml herring sperm DNA and 0.2% SDS. Washes were performed in 0.1×SSPE, 0.2% SDS at 65° C. Five clones were identified that hybridized to the probe.

[0107] The five clones were plaque-purified and characterized by restriction enzyme mapping and DNA sequence analysis. The insert DNA of one of the five clones contained the complete coding sequence of a β₄ subunit of a human nicotinic AChR (see nucleotides 87-1583 of SEQ ID No. 11). The amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the full-length clone has ˜81% identity with the amino acid sequence deduced from the rat nicotinic AChR β₄ subunit DNA. Several regions of the deduced rat and human β₄ amino acid sequences are notably dissimilar: amino acids 1-23 (the human sequence has only ˜36% identity with respect to the rat sequence), 352-416 (the human sequence has only ˜48% identity with respect to the rat sequence), and 417-492 (the human sequence has only ˜78% identity with respect to the rat sequence). Furthermore, amino acids 376-379 in the rat β₄ subunit are not contained in the human β₄ subunit.

[0108] B. DNA Encoding a Human nNAChR α₇ Subunit

[0109] An amplified IMR32 cell cDNA library (1×10⁶ recombinants; cells treated with dibutyryl cAMP and bromodeoxyuridine) was screened with a fragment of a rat nicotinic AChR α₇ subunit cDNA. The hybridization conditions were identical to those described above for screening an IMR32 cell cDNA library with the rat β₄ subunit DNA. Washes were performed in 0.2×SSPE, 0.2% SDS at 65° C. Seven positive clones were identified by hybridization to the labeled rat DNA probe. Six of the clones were plaque-purified and characterized by restriction enzyme mapping and DNA sequence analysis. One of the clones contains the complete coding sequence of a human AChR receptor α₇ subunit gene (see nucleotides 73-1581 of SEQ ID No. 7).

[0110] C. DNA Encoding a Human nNAChR α₄ Subunit

[0111] Random primers were used in synthesizing cDNA from RNA isolated from human hippocampus tissue. cDNAs larger than 2.0 kb were inserted into the λgt10 phage vector to create a cDNA library. Approximately 1×10⁶ recombinants were screened with a fragment of a DNA encoding a rat nicotinic AChR α₄ subunit using the same hybridization and washing conditions as described above for screening an IMR32 cell cDNA library for α₇ subunit cDNAs. Three clones hybridized strongly to the probe. Two of these three clones, designated KEα4.1 and KEα4.2, have been deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville, Md.) and assigned accession nos. 69152 and 69239, respectively.

[0112] Characterization of the plaque-purified clones revealed that one of the clones, KEα4.2, contains the complete coding sequence of a human nicotinic AChR α₄ subunit gene (coding sequence of this human α₄ subunit cDNA is provided as nucleotides 184-2067 in SEQ ID No. 5). Comparison of the 5′ ends of the coding sequences of the human and rat α₄ subunit cDNAs reveals that the rat sequence contains an 18-nucleotide segment that is not present in the human sequence.

[0113] D. DNA Encoding Human nNAChR α₂, α₃, & β₂ Subunits

[0114] Plasmids containing DNA that encodes and/or that can be used to isolate DNA that encodes human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α₂, α₃ and β₂ subunits have been deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). The clone names and deposit accession numbers are: Subunit Clone Name ATCC Accession No. α₂ HnAChRα2 68277 α₃ HnACHRα3 68278 β₂ HnAChRβ2 68279

[0115] In addition, DNA sequences that encode full-length α₂, α₃ and β₂ subunits are set forth in SEQ ID Nos. 1, 3 and 9, respectively.

EXAMPLE 2 Preparation of Constructs for the Expression of Recombinant Human Neuronal Nicotinic AChR Subunits

[0116] Isolated cDNAs encoding human neuronal nicotinic AChR subunits were incorporated into vectors for use in expressing the subunits in mammalian host cells and for use in generating in vitro transcripts of the DNAs to be expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Several different vectors were utilized in preparing the constructs as follows.

[0117] A. Construct for Expression of a Human nNAChR α₃ Subunit

[0118] DNA encoding a human neuronal nicotinic AChR α₃ subunit was subcloned into the pCMV-T7-2 general expression vector to create pCMV-KEα3. Plasmid pCMV-T7-2 (see FIG. 1) is a pUC19-based vector that contains a CMV promoter/enhancer, SV40 splice donor/splice acceptor sites located immediately downstream of the promoter, a T7 bacteriophage RNA polymerase promoter positioned downstream of the SV40 splice sites, an SV40 polyadenylation signal downstream of the T7 promoter, and a polylinker between the T7 promoter and the polyadenylation signal. This vector thus contains all the regulatory elements required for expression of heterologous DNA in a mammalian host cell, wherein the heterologous DNA has been incorporated into the vector at the polylinker. In addition, because the T7 promoter is located just upstream of the polylinker, this plasmid can be used for synthesis of in vitro transcripts of heterologous DNA that has been subcloned into the vector at the polylinker. FIG. 1 also shows a restriction map of pCMV-T7-3. This plasmid is identical to pCMV-T7-2 except that the restriction sites in the polylinker are in the opposite order as compared to the order in which they occur in pCMV-T7-2.

[0119] A 1.7 kb SfiI (blunt-ended)/EcoRI DNA fragment containing nucleotides 27-1759 of SEQ ID No. 3 (i.e., the entire α₃ subunit coding sequence plus 12 nucleotides of 5′ untranslated sequence and 206 nucleotides of 3′ untranslated sequence) was ligated to EcoRV/EcoRI-digested pCMV-T7-2 to generate pCMV-KEα3. Plasmid pCMV-KEα3 was used for expression of the α₃ subunit in mammalian cells and for generating in vitro transcripts of the α₃ subunit DNA.

[0120] B. Constructs for Expression of a Human nNAChR β₄ Subunit

[0121] A 1.9 kb EcoRI DNA fragment containing nucleotides 1-1915 of SEQ ID No. 11 (i.e., the entire β₄ subunit coding sequence plus 86 nucleotides of 5′ untranslated sequence and 332 nucleotides of 3′ untranslated sequence) was ligated to EcoRI-digested pGEM7Zf(+) (Promega Catalog #P2251; Madison, Wis.). The resulting construct, KEβ4.6/pGEM, contains the T7 bacteriophage RNA polymerase promoter in operative association with two tandem β₄ subunit DNA inserts (in the same orientation) and was used in generating in vitro transcripts of the DNA.

[0122] The same 1.9 kb EcoRI DNA fragment containing nucleotides 1-1915 of SEQ ID No. 11 was ligated as a single insert to EcoRI-digested pCMV-T7-3 to generate pCMV-KEβ4. Plasmid pCMV-KEβ4 was used for expression of the β₄ subunit in mammalian cells and for generating in vitro transcripts of the β₄ subunit DNA.

[0123] C. Constructs for Expression of a Human nNAChR α₇ Subunit

[0124] Two pCMV-T7-2-based constructs were prepared for use in recombinant expression of a human neuronal nicotinic AChR α₇ subunit. The first construct, pCMV-KEα7.3, was prepared by ligating a 1.9 kb XhoI DNA fragment containing nucleotides 1-1876 of SEQ ID No. 7 (i.e., the entire α₇ subunit coding sequence plus 72 nucleotides of 5′ untranslated sequence and 295 nucleotides of 3′ untranslated sequence) to SalI-digested pCMV-T7-3. The second construct, pCMV-KEα7, was prepared by replacing the 5′ untranslated sequence of the 1.9 kb XhoI α₇ subunit DNA fragment described above with a consensus ribosome binding site (5′-GCCACC-3′; see Kozak (1987) Nucl. Acids Res. 15:8125-8148). The resulting modified fragment was ligated as a 1.8 kb BglII/XhoI fragment with BglII/SalI-digested pCMV-T7-2 to generate pCMV-KEα7. Thus, in pCMV-KEα7, the translation initiation codon of the coding sequence of the α₇ subunit cDNA is preceded immediately by a consensus ribosome binding site.

[0125] D. Constructs for Expression of a Human nNAChR β₂ Subunit

[0126] DNA fragments encoding portions of a human neuronal nicotinic AChR β₂ subunit were ligated together to generate a full-length β₂ subunit coding sequence contained in plasmid pIBI24 (International Biotechnologies, Inc. (IBI), New Haven, Conn.). The resulting construct, Hβ2.1F, contains nucleotides 1-2450 of SEQ ID No. 9 (i.e., the entire β₂ subunit coding sequence, plus 266 nucleotides of 5′ untranslated sequence and 675 nucleotides of 3′ untranslated sequence) in operative association with the T7 promoter. Therefore, Hβ2.1F was used for synthesis of in vitro transcripts from the β₂ subunit DNA.

[0127] Since the 5′ untranslated sequence of the β₂ subunit DNA contains a potential alternative translation initiation codon (ATG) beginning 11 nucleotides upstream (nucleotides 256-258 in SEQ ID No. 9) of the correct translation initiation codon (nucleotides 267-269 in SEQ ID No. 9), and because the use of the upstream ATG sequence to initiate translation of the β₂ DNA would result in the generation of an inoperative peptide (because the upstream ATG is not in the correct reading frame), an additional β₂-encoding construct was prepared as follows. A 2.2 kb KspI/EcoRI DNA fragment containing nucleotides 262-2450 of SEQ ID No. 9 was ligated to pCMV-T7-2 in operative association with the T7 promoter of the plasmid to create pCMV-KEβ2. The β₂ subunit DNA contained in pCMV-KEβ2 retains only 5 nucleotides of 5′ untranslated sequence upstream of the correct translation initiation codon.

EXAMPLE 3 Expression of Recombinant Human Nicotinic AChR in Oocytes

[0128] Xenopus oocytes were injected with in vitro transcripts prepared from constructs containing DNA encoding α₃, α₇, β₂ and β₄ subunits. Electrophysiological measurements of the oocyte transmembrane currents were made using the two-electrode voltage clamp technique (see, e.g., Stuhmer (1992) Meth. Enzymol. 207:319-339).

[0129] 1. Preparation of in vitro Transcripts

[0130] Recombinant capped transcripts of pCMV-KEα3, pCMV-KEβ2, KEβ4.6/pGEM and pCMV-KEβ4 were synthesized from linearized plasmids using the mCAP RNA Capping Kit (Cat. #200350 from Stratagene, Inc., La Jolla, Calif.). Recombinant capped transcripts of pCMV-KEα7, pCMV-KEα7.3 and Hβ2.1F were synthesized from linearized plasmids using the MEGAscript T7 in vitro transcription kit according to the capped transcript protocol provided by the manufacturer (Catalog #1334 from AMBION, Inc., Austin, Tex.). The mass of each synthesized transcript was determined by UV absorbance and the integrity of each transcript was determined by electrophoresis through an agarose gel.

[0131] 2. Electrophysiology

[0132] Xenopus oocytes were injected with either 12.5, 50 or 125 ng of human nicotinic AChR subunit transcript per oocyte. The preparation and injection of oocytes were carried out as described by Dascal (1987) in Crit. Rev. Biochem. 22:317-387. Two-to-six days following mRNA injection, the oocytes were examined using the two-electrode voltage clamp technique. The cells were bathed in Ringer's solution (115 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM KCl, 1.8 mM CaCl₂, 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.3) containing 1 μM atropine with or without 100 μM d-tubocurarine. Cells were voltage-clamped at −60 to −80 mV. Data were acquired with Axotape software at 2-5 Hz. The agonists acetylcholine (ACh), nicotine, and cytisine were added at concentrations ranging from 0.1 μM to 100 μM. The results of electrophysiological analyses of the oocytes are summarized in Table 1. TABLE 1 Number of oocytes Template, ng RNA re- Current injected sponding Agonists Amplitude pCMV-KEα3, 12.5 ng 0 of 8 ACh, Nicotine KEβ4.6/pGEM, 12.5 ng 0 of 9 ACh, Nicotine pCMV-KEα3, 12.5 ng + 4 of 5 ACh, 20-550 nA KEβ4.6/pGEM, 12.5 ng Nicotine pCMV-KEα3, 12.5 ng + 3 of 4 ACh, 20-300 nA KEβ4.6/pGEM, 12.5 ng Cytisine, Nicotine pCMV-KEα3, 125 ng + 5 of 5 ACh, 200-500 nA and 125 ng Nicotine, pCMV-KEβ4, Cytisine pCMV-KEα3, 125 ng + 6 of 6 ACh, 100-400 nA pCMV-KEβ4, 125 ng Nicotine, Cytisine pCMV-KEα7.3, 125 ng  3 of 15 ACh ˜20 nA pCMV-KEα7, 125 ng 11 of 11 ACh 20-250 nA pCMV-KEα3, 12.5 ng + 2 of 9 ACh, <10 nA pCMV-KE,β2, 12.5 ng Nicotine pCMV-KEα3, 125 ng + 0 of 9 ACh, pCMV-KEβ2, 125 ng Nicotine pCMV-KEα3, 125 ng + 13 of 16 ACh (100 ˜20 nA Hβ2.1F, 125 ng μM) ˜80 nA ACh (300 μM)

[0133] a. Oocytes Injected with α₃ and/or β₄ Transcripts

[0134] Oocytes that had been injected with 12.5 ng of the α₃ transcript or 12.5 ng of the β₄ transcript did not respond to application of up to 100 μM ACh, nicotine or cytisine. Thus, it appears that these subunits do not form functional homomeric nicotinic AChR channels. By contrast, oocytes injected with 12.5 or 125 ng of the α₃ transcript and 12.5 ng or 125 ng of the β₄ transcript exhibited detectable inward currents in response to ACh, nicotine, and cytisine at the tested concentrations (0.1 μM to 10 μM). Some differences in the kinetics of the responses to cytisine compared to nicotine and ACh were observed. The relative potency of the agonists appeared to be cytisine>ACh>nicotine, which differs from the results of similar studies of oocytes injected with transcripts of the rat nicotinic AChR α₃ and β₄ subunits (see, for example, Luetje et al. (1991) J. Neurosci. 11:837-845).

[0135] The responses to ACh and nicotine were reproducibly blocked by d-tubocurarine. For example, complete blockage of the response to ACh was observed in the presence of 100 μM d-tubocurarine. The inhibition appeared to be reversible. The responses to ACh, nicotine and cytisine were also at least partially blocked by 100 nM mecamylamine.

[0136] The current response of α₃-β₄-injected oocytes to 10 μM ACh was also examined in terms of membrane voltage. In these experiments, voltage steps were applied to the cells in the presence of ACh. The graph of current vs. voltage appeared typical of responses observed for Na⁺, K⁺-permeable channels. For example, the zero current level (reversal potential) is less than −40 mV. The contribution of Ca⁺⁺ flux to the total current can be ascertained by varying the calcium concentration in the external medium and taking multiple current measurements at different holding potentials around the reversal potential. Such studies indicate that the channel carrying the current generated in response to ACh treatment of α₃-β₄-injected oocytes is permeable to Na⁺, K⁺ and Ca⁺⁺.

[0137] b. Oocytes Injected with α₇ Subunit Transcripts

[0138] As described in Example 1, two constructs were prepared for use in expressing the human neuronal nicotinic AChR α₇ subunit. Plasmid pCMV-KEα7.3 contains the α₇ subunit coding sequence with 72 nucleotides of 5′ untranslated sequence upstream of the translation initiation codon. Plasmid pCMV-KEα7 contains the α₇ subunit coding sequence devoid of any 5′ untranslated sequence and further contains a consensus ribosome binding site immediately upstream of the coding sequence.

[0139] Oocytes injected with 125 ng of α₇ transcript synthesized from pCMV-KEα7 displayed inward currents in response to 10 or 100 μM ACh. This response was blocked by 100 μM d-tubocurarine.

[0140] Oocytes injected with 125 ng of α₇ transcript synthesized from pCMV-KEα7.3 exhibited ACh-induced currents that were substantially weaker than those of oocytes injected with α₇ transcript synthesized from pCMV-KEα7. These results indicate that human neuronal nicotinic AChR α₇ subunit transcripts generated from α₇ subunit DNA containing a ribosome binding site in place of 5′ untranslated sequence may be preferable for expression of the α₇ receptor in oocytes.

[0141] C. Oocytes Injected with α₃ and β₂ Subunit Transcripts

[0142] As described in Example 1, two constructs were prepared for use in expressing the human neuronal nicotinic AChR β₂ subunit. Plasmid Hβ2.1F contains the β₂ subunit coding sequence with 266 nucleotides of 5′ untranslated sequence upstream of the translation initiation codon. Plasmid pCMV-KEβ2 contains the β₂ subunit coding sequence and only 5 nucleotides of 5′ untranslated sequence upstream of the translation initiation codon.

[0143] Oocytes injected with transcripts of pCMV-KEα3 and pCMV-KEβ2 displayed no current in response to nicotinic AChR agonists. In contrast, oocytes injected with transcripts of pCMV-KEα3 and Hβ2.1F displayed ˜20 nA inward currents in response to 100 μM ACh and ˜80 nA inward currents in response to 300 μM ACh. The current response was blocked by 100 μM d-tubocurarine. These results indicate that human neuronal nicotinic AChR β₂ subunit transcripts generated from β₂ subunit DNA containing 5′ untranslated sequence may be preferable to transcripts generated from β₂ DNA containing only a small portion of 5′ untranslated sequence for expression of the α₃β₂ receptors in oocytes.

EXAMPLE 4 Recombinant Expression of Human nNAChR Subunits in Mammalian Cells

[0144] Human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells were transiently and stably transfected with DNA encoding human neuronal nicotinic AChR α₃ and β₄, or α₇ subunits. Transient transfectants were analyzed for expression of nicotinic AChR using various assays, e.g., electrophysiological methods, Ca²⁺-sensitive fluorescent indicator-based assays and [¹²⁵I]-α-bungarotoxin-binding assays.

[0145] 1. Transient Transfection of HEK Cells

[0146] Two transient transfections were performed. In one transfection, HEK cells were transiently co-transfected with DNA encoding α₃ (plasmid pCMV-KEα3) and β₄ (plasmid pCMV-KEβ4) subunits. In the other transfection, HEK cells were transiently transfected with DNA encoding the α₇ subunit (plasmid pCMV-KEα7). In both transfections, ˜2×10⁶ HEK cells were transiently transfected with 18 μg of the indicated plasmid(s) according to standard CaPO₄ transfection procedures [Wigler et al. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:1373-1376]. In addition, 2 μg of plasmid pCMVβgal (Clontech Laboratories, Palo Alto, Calif.), which contains the Escherichia coli β-galactosidase gene fused to the CMV promoter, were co-transfected as a reporter gene for monitoring the efficiency of transfection. The transfectants were analyzed for β-galactosidase expression by measurement of β-galactosidase activity [Miller (1972) Experiments in Molecular Genetics, pp.352-355, Cold Spring Harbor Press]. Transfectants can also be analyzed for β-galactosidase expression by direct staining of the product of a reaction involving β-galactosidase and the X-gal substrate [Jones (1986) EMBO 5:3133-3142].

[0147] The efficiency of transfection of HEK cells with pCMV-KEα3/pCMV-KEβ4 was typical of standard efficiencies, whereas the efficiency of transfection of HEK cells with pCMV-KEα7 was below standard levels.

[0148] 2. Stable Transfection of HEK Cells

[0149] HEK cells were transfected using the calcium phosphate transfection procedure [Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Vol. 1, Wiley Inter-Science, Supplement 14, Unit 9.1.1-9.1.9 (1990)]. Ten-cm plates, each containing one-to-two million HEK cells were transfected with 1 ml of DNA/calcium phosphate precipitate containing 9.5 μg pCMV-KEα3, 9.5 μg pCMV-KEβ4 and 1 μg pSV2neo (as a selectable marker). After 14 days of growth in media containing 1 μg/ml G418, colonies had formed and were individually isolated by using cloning cylinders. The isolates were subjected to limiting dilution and screened to identify those that expressed the highest level of nicotinic AChR, as described below.

[0150] 3. Analysis of Transfectants

[0151] a. Fluorescent Indicator-based Assays

[0152] Activation of the ligand-gated nicotinic AChR by agonists leads to an influx of cations, including Ca⁺⁺, through the receptor channel. Ca⁺⁺ entry into the cell through the channel can induce release of calcium contained in intracellular stores. Monovalent cation entry into the cell through the channel can also result in an increase in cytoplasmic Ca⁺⁺ levels through depolarization of the membrane and subsequent activation of voltage-dependent calcium channels. Therefore, methods of detecting transient increases in intracellular calcium concentration can be applied to the analysis of functional nicotinic AChR expression. One method for measuring intracellular calcium levels relies on calcium-sensitive fluorescent indicators.

[0153] Calcium-sensitive indicators, such as fluo-3 (Catalog No. F-1241, Molecular Probes, Inc., Eugene, Oreg.), are available as acetoxymethyl esters which are membrane permeable. When the acetoxymethyl ester form of the indicator enters a cell, the ester group is removed by cytosolic esterases, thereby trapping the free indicator in the cytosol. Interaction of the free indicator with calcium results in increased fluorescence of the indicator; therefore, an increase in the intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration of cells containing the indicator can be expressed directly as an increase in fluorescence. An automated fluorescence detection system for assaying nicotinic AChR has been described in commonly assigned pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/812,254 and corresponding PCT Patent Application No. US92/11090.

[0154] HEK cells that were transiently or stably co-transfected with DNA encoding α3 and β4 subunits were analyzed for expression of functional recombinant nicotinic AChR using the automated fluorescent indicator-based assay. The assay procedure was as follows.

[0155] Untransfected HEK cells (or HEK cells transfected with pCMV-T7-2) and HEK cells that had been co-transfected with pCMV-KEα3 and pCMV-KEβ4 were plated in the wells of a 96-well microtiter dish and loaded with fluo-3 by incubation for 2 hours at 20° C. in a medium containing 20 μM fluo-3, 0.2% Pluronic F-127 in HBS (125 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 1.8 mM CaCl₂, 0.62 mM MgSO₄, 6 mM glucose, 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4). The cells were then washed with assay buffer (i.e., HBS). The antagonist d-tubocurarine was added to some of the wells at a final concentration of 10 μM. The microtiter dish was then placed into a fluorescence plate reader and the basal fluorescence of each well was measured and recorded before addition of 200 μM nicotine to the wells. The fluorescence of the wells was monitored repeatedly during a period of approximately 60 seconds following addition of nicotine.

[0156] The fluorescence of the untransfected HEK cells (or HEK cells transfected with pCMV-T7-2) did not change after addition of nicotine. In contrast, the fluorescence of the co-transfected cells, in the absence of d-tubocurarine, increased dramatically after addition of nicotine to the wells. This nicotine-stimulated increase in fluorescence was not observed in co-transfected cells that had been exposed to the antagonist d-tubocurarine. These results demonstrate that the co-transfected cells express functional recombinant AChR that are activated by nicotine and blocked by d-tubocurarine.

[0157] b. α-Bungarotoxin Binding Assays

[0158] HEK293 cells transiently transfected with pCMV-KEα7 were analyzed for [¹²⁵I]-α-bungarotoxin (BgTx) binding. Whole transfected cells and membranes prepared from transfected cells were examined in these assays. Rat brain membranes were included in the assays as a positive control.

[0159] Rat brain membranes were prepared according to the method of Hampson et al. (1987) J. Neurochem 49:1209. Membranes were prepared from the HEK cells transfected with pCMV-KEα7 and HEK cells transiently transfected with plasmid pUC19 only (negative control) according to the method of Perez-Reyes et al. (1989) Nature 340:233. Whole transfected and negative control cells were obtained by spraying the tissue culture plates with phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.1% (w/v) BSA. The cells were then centrifuged at low speed, washed once, resuspended in assay buffer (118 mM NaCl, 4.8 mM KCl, 2.5 mM CaCl₂, 1.2 mM MgSO₄, 20 mM HEPES, 0.1% (w/v)BSA, 0.05% (w/v) bacitracin and 0.5 mM PMSF, pH 7.5) and counted.

[0160] Specific binding of [¹²⁵I]-α-BgTx to rat brain membranes was determined essentially as described by Marks et al. (1982) Molec. Pharmacol. 22:554-564, with several modifications. The membranes were washed twice in assay buffer. The assay was carried out in 12×75 mm polypropylene test tubes in a total volume of 0.5 ml assay buffer. The membranes were incubated with 10 nM [¹²⁵I]-α-BgTx (New England Nuclear, Boston, Mass.) for one hour at 37° C. The assay mixtures were then centrifuged at 2300×g for 10 minutes at 4° C. The supernatant was decanted and the pellets were washed twice with 2 ml aliquots of ice-cold assay buffer. The supernatants were decanted again and the radioactivity of the pellets was measured in a γ-counter. Non-specific binding was determined in the presence of 1 μM unlabeled α-BgTx. Specific binding was determined by subtracting nonspecific binding from total binding. Specific binding of [¹²⁵I]-α-BgTx to membranes prepared from transfected and negative control cells was determined as described for determining specific binding to rat brain membranes except that the assay buffer did not contain BSA, bacitracin and PMSF. Specific binding of [¹²⁵I]-α-BgTx to transfected and negative control whole cells was determined basically as described for determining specific binding to rat brain membranes.

[0161] [¹²⁵I]-α-BgTx binding was evaluated as a function of membrane concentration and as a function of incubation time. [¹²⁵I]-α-BgTx binding to rat brain membranes increased in a linear fashion with increasing amounts of membrane (ranging between 25-500 μg). The overall signal-to-noise ratio of binding (i.e., ratio of total binding to non-specific binding) was 3:1. Although some binding of [¹²⁵I]-α-BgTx to transfected cell membranes was detected, it was mostly non-specific binding and did not increase with increasing amounts of membrane. [¹²⁵I]-α-BgTx binding to the transfectants and negative control cells appeared to be similar.

[0162] To monitor [¹²⁵I]-α-BgTx binding to rat brain membranes and whole transfected and negative control cells, 300 μg of membrane or 500,000 cells were incubated with 1 nM or 10 nM [¹²⁵I]-α-BgTx, respectively, at 37° C. for various times ranging from 0-350 min. Aliquots of assay mixture were transferred to 1.5 ml microfuge tubes at various times and centrifuged. The pellets were washed twice with assay buffer. [¹²⁵I]-α-BgTx binding to rat brain membranes increased with time and was maximal after three hours. The binding profiles of the transfected and negative control cells were the same and differed from that of rat brain membranes.

EXAMPLE 5 Characterization of Cell Lines Expressing nNAChRs

[0163] Recombinant cell lines generated by transfection with DNA encoding human neuronal nicotinic AChRs, such as those described in Example 3, can be further characterized using one or more of the following methods.

[0164] A. Northern or Slot Blot Analysis for Expression of α- and/or β-subunit Encoding Messages

[0165] Total RNA is isolated from ˜1×10⁷ cells and 10-15 μg of RNA from each cell type is used for northern or slot blot hybridization analysis. The inserts from human neuronal NAChR-encoding plasmids can be nick-translated and used as probe. In addition, the β-actin gene sequence (Cleveland et al. (1980) Cell 20:95-105) can be nick-translated and used as a control probe on duplicate filters to confirm the presence or absence of RNA on each blot and to provide a rough standard for use in quantitating differences in α- or β-specific mRNA levels between cell lines. Typical northern and slot blot hybridization and wash conditions are as follows:

[0166] hybridization in 5×SSPE, 5×Denhardt's solution, 50% formamide, at 42° C. followed by washing in 0.2×SSPE, 0.1% SDS, at 65° C.

[0167] B. Nicotine-binding Assay

[0168] Cell lines generated by transfection with human neuronal nicotinic AChR α- or α- and β-subunit-encoding DNA can be analyzed for their ability to bind nicotine, for example, as compared to control cell lines: neuronally-derived cell lines PC12 (Boulter et al., (1986), supra; ATCC #CRL1721) and IMR32 (Clementi, et al. (1986); Int. J. Neurochem. 47:291-297; ATCC #CCL127), and muscle-derived cell line BC3H1 (Patrick, et al., (1977); J. Biol. Chem. 252:2143-2153). Negative control cells (i.e., host cells from which the transfectants were prepared) are also included in the assay. The assay is conducted as follows:

[0169] Just prior to being assayed, transfected cells are removed from plates by scraping. Positive control cells used are PC12, BC3H1, and IMR32 (which had been starved for fresh media for seven days). Control cell lines are removed by rinsing in 37° C. assay buffer (50 mM Tris/HCl, 1 mM MgCl₂, 2 mM CaCl₂, 120 mM NaCl, 3 mM EDTA, 2 mg/ml BSA and 0.1% aprotinin at pH7.4). The cells are washed and resuspended to a concentration of 1×10⁶/250 μl. To each plastic assay tube is added 250 μl of the cell solution, 15 nM ³H-nicotine, with or without 1 mM unlabeled nicotine, and assay buffer to make a final volume of 500 μl. The assays for the transfected cell lines are incubated for 30 min at room temperature; the assays of the positive control cells are incubated for 2 min at 1° C. After the appropriate incubation time, 450 μl aliquots of assay volume are filtered through Whatman GF/C glass fiber filters which has been pretreated by incubation in 0.05% polyethyleneimine for 24 hours at 4° C. The filters are then washed twice, with 4 ml each wash, with ice cold assay buffer. After washing, the filters are dried, added to vials containing 5 ml scintillation fluid and radioactivity is measured.

[0170] C. ⁸⁶Rb Ion-flux Assay

[0171] The ability of nicotine or nicotine agonists and antagonists to mediate the influx of ⁸⁶Rb into transfected and control cells has been found to provide an indication of the presence of functional AChRs on the cell surface. The ⁸⁶Rb ion-flux assay is conducted as follows:

[0172] 1. The night before the experiment, cells are plated at 2×10⁶ per well (i.e., 2 ml per well) in a 6-well polylysine-coated plate.

[0173] 2. The culture medium is decanted and the plate washed with 2 ml of assay buffer (50 mM HEPES, 260 mM sucrose, 5.4 mM KCl, 1.8 mM CaCl₂, 0.8 mM MgSO₄, 5.5. mM glucose) at room temperature.

[0174] 3. The assay buffer is decanted and 1 ml of assay buffer, containing 3 μCi/ml ⁸⁶Rb, with 5 mM ouabain and agonist or antagonist in a concentration to effect a maximum response, is added.

[0175] 4. The plate is incubated on ice at 1° C. for 4 min.

[0176] 5. The buffer is decanted into a waste container and each well was washed with 3 ml of assay buffer, followed by two washes of 2 ml each.

[0177] 6. The cells are lysed with 2×0.5 ml of 0.2% SDS per well and transferred to a scintillation vial containing 5 ml of scintillation fluid.

[0178] 7. The radioactivity contained in each vial is measured and the data calculated.

[0179] Positive control cells provided the following data in this assay: PC12 IMR32 Maximum Maximum EC₅₀ response EC₅₀ response Agonist nicotine 52 μM 2.1X^(a) 18 μM  7.7X^(a) CCh 35 μM 3.3X^(b) 230 μM  7.6X^(c) cytisine 57 μM 3.6X^(d) 14 μM 10X^(e) Antagonist d-tubocurarine 0.81 μM 2.5 μM mecamylamine 0.42 μM 0.11 μM hexamethonium nd^(f) 22 μM atropine 12.5 μM 43 μM

[0180] D. Electrophysiological Analysis of Mammalian Cells Transfected with Human Neuronal Nicotinic AChR Subunit-encoding DNA

[0181] Electrophysiological measurements may be used to assess the activity of recombinant receptors or to assess the ability of a test compound to potentiate, antagonize or otherwise modulate the magnitude and duration of the flow of cations through the ligand-gated recombinant AChR. The function of the expressed neuronal AChR can be assessed by a variety of electrophysiological techniques, including two-electrode voltage clamp and patch clamp methods. The cation-conducting channel intrinsic to the AChR opens in response to acetylcholine (ACh) or other nicotinic cholinergic agonists, permitting the flow of transmembrane current carried predominantly by sodium and potassium ions under physiological conditions. This current can be monitored directly by voltage clamp techniques. In preferred embodiments, transfected mammalian cells or injected oocytes are analyzed electrophysiologically for the presence of AChR agonist-dependent currents.

[0182] While the invention has been described in detail with reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood that modifications and variations are within the spirit and scope of that which is described and claimed.

SUMMARY OF SEQUENCES

[0183] Sequence ID No. 1 is a nucleotide sequence encoding an α₂ subunit of human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, and the deduced amino acid sequence thereof.

[0184] Sequence ID No. 2 is the amino acid sequence of the α₂ subunit of human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor set forth in Sequence ID No. 1.

[0185] Sequence ID No. 3 is a nucleotide sequence encoding an α₃ subunit of human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, and the deduced amino acid sequence thereof.

[0186] Sequence ID No. 4 is the amino acid sequence of the α₃ subunit of human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor set forth in Sequence ID No. 3.

[0187] Sequence ID No. 5 is a nucleotide sequence encoding an α₄ subunit of a human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, and the deduced amino acid sequence thereof.

[0188] Sequence ID No. 6 is the amino acid sequence of the α₄ subunit of a human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor set forth in Sequence ID No. 5.

[0189] Sequence ID No. 7 is a nucleotide sequence encoding an α₇ subunit of human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, and the deduced amino acid sequence thereof.

[0190] Sequence ID No. 8 is the amino acid sequence of the α₇ subunit of human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor set forth in Sequence ID No. 7.

[0191] Sequence ID No. 9 is a nucleotide sequence encoding a β₂ subunit of human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, and the deduced amino acid sequence thereof.

[0192] Sequence ID No. 10 is the amino acid sequence of the β₂ subunit of human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor set forth in Sequence ID No. 9.

[0193] Sequence ID No. 11 is a nucleotide sequence encoding a β₄ subunit of human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, and the deduced amino acid sequence thereof.

[0194] Sequence ID No. 12 is the amino acid sequence of the β₄ subunit of human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor set forth in Sequence ID No. 11.

1 12 2068 base pairs nucleic acid both both cDNA CDS 166..1752 1 CAATGACCTG TTTTCTTCTG TAACCACAGG TTCGGTGGTG AGAGGAACCT TCGCAGAATC 60 CAGCAGAATC CTCACAGAAT CCAGCAGCAG CTCTGCTGGG GACATGGTCC ATGGTGCAAC 120 CCACAGCAAA GCCCTGACCT GACCTCCTGA TGCTCAGGAG AAGCCATGGG CCCCTCCTGT 180 CCTGTGTTCC TGTCCTTCAC AAAGCTCAGC CTGTGGTGGC TCCTTCTGAC CCCAGCAGGT 240 GGAGAGGAAG CTAAGCGCCC ACCTCCCAGG GCTCCTGGAG ACCCACTCTC CTCTCCCAGT 300 CCCACGGCAT TGCCGCAGGG AGGCTCGCAT ACCGAGACTG AGGACCGGCT CTTCAAACAC 360 CTCTTCCGGG GCTACAACCG CTGGGCGCGC CCGGTGCCCA ACACTTCAGA CGTGGTGATT 420 GTGCGCTTTG GACTGTCCAT CGCTCAGCTC ATCGATGTGG ATGAGAAGAA CCAAATGATG 480 ACCACCAACG TCTGGCTAAA ACAGGAGTGG AGCGACTACA AACTGCGCTG GAACCCCGCT 540 GATTTTGGCA ACATCACATC TCTCAGGGTC CCTTCTGAGA TGATCTGGAT CCCCGACATT 600 GTTCTCTACA ACAAANNTGG GGAGTTTGCA GTGACCCACA TGACCAAGGC CCACCTCTTC 660 TCCACGGGCA CTGTGCACTG GGTGCCCCCG GCCATCTACA AGAGCTCCTG CAGCATCGAC 720 GTCACCTTCT TCCCCTTCGA CCAGCAGAAC TGCAAGATGA AGTTTGGCTC CTGGACTTAT 780 GACAAGGCCA AGATCGACCT GGAGCAGATG GAGCAGACTG TGGACCTGAA GGACTACTGG 840 GAGAGCGGCG AGTGGGCCAT CGTCAATGCC ACGGGCACCT ACAACAGCAA GAAGTACGAC 900 TGCTGCGCCG AGATCTACCC CGACGTCACC TACGCCTTCG TCATCCGGCG GCTGCCGCTC 960 TTCTACACCA TCAACCTCAT CATCCCCTGC CTGCTCATCT CCTGCCTCAC TGTGCTGGTC 1020 TTCTACCTGC CCTCCGACTG CGGCGAGAAG ATCACGCTGT GCATTTCGGT GCTGCTGTCA 1080 CTCACCGTCT TCCTGCTGCT CATCACTGAG ATCATCCCGT CCACCTCGCT GGTCATCCCG 1140 CTCATCGGCG AGTACCTGCT GTTCACCATG ATCTTCGTCA CCCTGTCCAT CGTCATCACC 1200 GTCTTCGTGC TCAATGTGGA CCACCGCTCC CCCAGCACCC ACACCATGCC CCACTGGGTG 1260 CGGGGGGCCC TTCTGGGCTG TGTGCCCCGG TGGCTTCTGA TGAACCGGCC CCCACCACCC 1320 GTGGAGCTCT GCCACCCCCT ACGCCTGAAG CTCAGCCCCT CTTATCACTG GCTGGAGAGC 1380 AACGTGGATG CCGAGGAGAG GGAGGTGGTG GTGGAGGAGG AGGACAGATG GGCATGTGCA 1440 GGTCATGTGG CCCCCTCTGT GGGCACCCTC TGCAGCCACG GCCACCTGCA CTCTGGGGCC 1500 TCAGGTCCCA AGGCTGAGGC TCTGCTGCAG GAGGGTGAGC TGCTGCTATC ACCCCACATG 1560 CAGAAGGCAC TGGAAGGTGT GCACTACATT GCCGACCACC TGCGGTCTGA GGATGCTGAC 1620 TCTTCGGTGA AGGAGGACTG GAAGTATGTT GCCATGGTCA TCGACAGGAT CTTCCTCTGG 1680 CTGTTTATCA TCGTCTGCTT CCTGGGGACC ATCGGCCTCT TTCTGCCTCC GTTCCTAGCT 1740 GGAATGATCT GACTGCACCT CCCTCGAGCT GGCTCCCAGG GCAAAGGGGA GGGTTCTTGG 1800 ATGTGGAAGG GCTTTGAACA ATGTTTAGAT TTGGAGATGA GCCCAAAGTG CCAGGGAGAA 1860 CAGCCAGGTG AGGTGGGAGG TTGGAGAGCC AGGTGAGGTC TCTCTAAGTC AGGCTGGGGT 1920 TGAAGTTTGG AGTCTGTCCG AGTTTGCAGG GTGCTGAGCT GTATGGTCCA GCAGGGGAGT 1980 AATAAGGGCT CTTCCCGAAG GGGAGGAAGC GGGAGGCAGC GCCTGCACCT GATGTGGAGG 2040 TACAGAGCAG ATCTTCCCTA CCGGGGAG 2068 528 amino acids amino acid single unknown protein 2 Met Gly Pro Ser Cys Pro Val Phe Leu Ser Phe Thr Lys Leu Ser Leu 1 5 10 15 Trp Trp Leu Leu Leu Thr Pro Ala Gly Gly Glu Glu Ala Lys Arg Pro 20 25 30 Pro Pro Arg Ala Pro Gly Asp Pro Leu Ser Ser Pro Ser Pro Thr Ala 35 40 45 Leu Pro Gln Gly Gly Ser His Thr Glu Thr Glu Asp Arg Leu Phe Lys 50 55 60 His Leu Phe Arg Gly Tyr Asn Arg Trp Ala Arg Pro Val Pro Asn Thr 65 70 75 80 Ser Asp Val Val Ile Val Arg Phe Gly Leu Ser Ile Ala Gln Leu Ile 85 90 95 Asp Val Asp Glu Lys Asn Gln Met Met Thr Thr Asn Val Trp Leu Lys 100 105 110 Gln Glu Trp Ser Asp Tyr Lys Leu Arg Trp Asn Pro Ala Asp Phe Gly 115 120 125 Asn Ile Thr Ser Leu Arg Val Pro Ser Glu Met Ile Trp Ile Pro Asp 130 135 140 Ile Val Leu Tyr Asn Lys Xaa Gly Glu Phe Ala Val Thr His Met Thr 145 150 155 160 Lys Ala His Leu Phe Ser Thr Gly Thr Val His Trp Val Pro Pro Ala 165 170 175 Ile Tyr Lys Ser Ser Cys Ser Ile Asp Val Thr Phe Phe Pro Phe Asp 180 185 190 Gln Gln Asn Cys Lys Met Lys Phe Gly Ser Trp Thr Tyr Asp Lys Ala 195 200 205 Lys Ile Asp Leu Glu Gln Met Glu Gln Thr Val Asp Leu Lys Asp Tyr 210 215 220 Trp Glu Ser Gly Glu Trp Ala Ile Val Asn Ala Thr Gly Thr Tyr Asn 225 230 235 240 Ser Lys Lys Tyr Asp Cys Cys Ala Glu Ile Tyr Pro Asp Val Thr Tyr 245 250 255 Ala Phe Val Ile Arg Arg Leu Pro Leu Phe Tyr Thr Ile Asn Leu Ile 260 265 270 Ile Pro Cys Leu Leu Ile Ser Cys Leu Thr Val Leu Val Phe Tyr Leu 275 280 285 Pro Ser Asp Cys Gly Glu Lys Ile Thr Leu Cys Ile Ser Val Leu Leu 290 295 300 Ser Leu Thr Val Phe Leu Leu Leu Ile Thr Glu Ile Ile Pro Ser Thr 305 310 315 320 Ser Leu Val Ile Pro Leu Ile Gly Glu Tyr Leu Leu Phe Thr Met Ile 325 330 335 Phe Val Thr Leu Ser Ile Val Ile Thr Val Phe Val Leu Asn Val Asp 340 345 350 His Arg Ser Pro Ser Thr His Thr Met Pro His Trp Val Arg Gly Ala 355 360 365 Leu Leu Gly Cys Val Pro Arg Trp Leu Leu Met Asn Arg Pro Pro Pro 370 375 380 Pro Val Glu Leu Cys His Pro Leu Arg Leu Lys Leu Ser Pro Ser Tyr 385 390 395 400 His Trp Leu Glu Ser Asn Val Asp Ala Glu Glu Arg Glu Val Val Val 405 410 415 Glu Glu Glu Asp Arg Trp Ala Cys Ala Gly His Val Ala Pro Ser Val 420 425 430 Gly Thr Leu Cys Ser His Gly His Leu His Ser Gly Ala Ser Gly Pro 435 440 445 Lys Ala Glu Ala Leu Leu Gln Glu Gly Glu Leu Leu Leu Ser Pro His 450 455 460 Met Gln Lys Ala Leu Glu Gly Val His Tyr Ile Ala Asp His Leu Arg 465 470 475 480 Ser Glu Asp Ala Asp Ser Ser Val Lys Glu Asp Trp Lys Tyr Val Ala 485 490 495 Met Val Ile Asp Arg Ile Phe Leu Trp Leu Phe Ile Ile Val Cys Phe 500 505 510 Leu Gly Thr Ile Gly Leu Phe Leu Pro Pro Phe Leu Ala Gly Met Ile 515 520 525 1756 base pairs nucleic acid both both cDNA CDS 39..1553 3 CCGACCGTCC GGGTCCGCGG CCAGCCCGGC CACCAGCCAT GGGCTCTGGC CCGCTCTCGC 60 TGCCCCTGGC GCTGTCGCCG CCGCGGCTGC TGCTGCTGCT GCTGTCTCTG CTGCCAGTGG 120 CCAGGGCCTC AGAGGCTGAG CACCGTCTAT TTGAGCGGCT GTTTGAAGAT TACAATGAGA 180 TCATCCGGCC TGTGGCCAAC GTGTCTGACC CAGTCATCAT CCATTTCGAG GTGTCCATGT 240 CTCAGCTGGT GAAGGTGGAT GAAGTAAACC AGATCATGGA GACCAACCTG TGGCTCAAGC 300 AAATCTGGMA TGACTACAAG CTGAAGTGGA ACCCCTCTGA CTATGGTGGG GCAGAGTTCA 360 TGCGTGTCCC TGCACAGAAG ATCTGGAAGC CAGACATTGT GCTGTATAAC AATGCTGTTG 420 GGGATTTCCA GGTGGACGAC AAGACCAAAG CCTTACTCAA GTACACTGGG GAGGTGACTT 480 GGATACCTCC GGCCATCTTT AAGAGCTCCT GTAAAATCGA CGTGACCTAC TTCCCGTTTG 540 ATTACCAAAA CTGTACCATG AAGTTCGGTT CCTGGTCCTA CGATAAGGCG AAAATCGACC 600 TGGTCCTGAT CGGCTCTTCC ATGAACCTCA AGGACTATTG GGAGAGCGGC GAGTGGGCCA 660 TCATCAAAGC CCCAGGYTAT AACCACGACA TCAAGTACAA CTGCTGCGAG GAGATCTACC 720 CCGACATCAC ATACTCGCTG ATCATCCGGC GGCTGTCGTT GTTCTACACC ATCATCCTCA 780 TCATCCCCTG GCTGATCATC TCCTTCATCA CTGTGGTCGT CTTCTACCTG CCCTCCGACT 840 GCGGTGAGAA GGTGACCCTG TGCATTTCTG TCCTCCTCTC CCTGACGGTG TTTCTCCTGG 900 TGATCACTGA GACCATCCCT TCCACCTCGC TGGTCATCCC CCTGATTGGA GAGTACCTCC 960 TGTTCACCAT GATTTTTGTA ACCTTGTCCA TCGCCATCAC CGTCTTCGTG CTCAACGTGC 1020 ACTACAGAAC CCCGACGACA CACACAATGC CCTCATGGGT GAAGACTGTA TTCTTGAACC 1080 TGCTCCCCAG GGTCATGTTC ATGACCAGGC CAACAAGCAA CGAGGGCAAC GCTCAGAAGC 1140 CGAGGCCCCT CTACGGTGCC GAGCTCTCAA ATCTGAATTG CTTCAGCCGC GCAGAGTCCA 1200 WAGGCTGCAA GGAGGGCTAC CCCTGCCAGG ACGGGATGTG TGGTTACTGC CACCACCGCA 1260 GGATAAAAAT CTCCAATTTC AGTGCTAACC TCACGAGAAG CTCTAGTTCT GAATCTGTTG 1320 ATGCTGTGCT GTCCCTCTCT GCTTTGTCAC CAGAAATCAA AGAAGCCATC CAAAGTGTCA 1380 AGTATATTGC TGAAAATATG AAAGCACAAA ATGAAGCCAA AGAGATTCAA GATGATTGGA 1440 AGTATGTTGC CATGGTGATT GATCGCATTT TTCTGTGGGT TTTCACCCTG GTGTGCATTC 1500 TAGGGACAGA AGGATTGTTT CTGCAACCCC TGATGGCCAG GGAAGATGCA TAAGCACTAA 1560 GCTGTGTGTC TGTCTGGGAG AGTTCCCTGT GTCAGAGAAG AGGGAGGCTG CTTCCTAGTA 1620 AGAACGTACT TTCTGTTATC AAGCTACCAG CTTTGTTTTT GGCATTTCGA GGTTTACTTA 1680 TTTTCCACTT ATCTTGGAAT CATGCGCGAM MAAATGTCAA GAGTATTTAT TACCGATAAA 1740 TGAACATTTA ACTAGC 1756 504 amino acids amino acid single unknown protein 4 Met Gly Ser Gly Pro Leu Ser Leu Pro Leu Ala Leu Ser Pro Pro Arg 1 5 10 15 Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Ser Leu Leu Pro Val Ala Arg Ala Ser Glu 20 25 30 Ala Glu His Arg Leu Phe Glu Arg Leu Phe Glu Asp Tyr Asn Glu Ile 35 40 45 Ile Arg Pro Val Ala Asn Val Ser Asp Pro Val Ile Ile His Phe Glu 50 55 60 Val Ser Met Ser Gln Leu Val Lys Val Asp Glu Val Asn Gln Ile Met 65 70 75 80 Glu Thr Asn Leu Trp Leu Lys Gln Ile Trp Xaa Asp Tyr Lys Leu Lys 85 90 95 Trp Asn Pro Ser Asp Tyr Gly Gly Ala Glu Phe Met Arg Val Pro Ala 100 105 110 Gln Lys Ile Trp Lys Pro Asp Ile Val Leu Tyr Asn Asn Ala Val Gly 115 120 125 Asp Phe Gln Val Asp Asp Lys Thr Lys Ala Leu Leu Lys Tyr Thr Gly 130 135 140 Glu Val Thr Trp Ile Pro Pro Ala Ile Phe Lys Ser Ser Cys Lys Ile 145 150 155 160 Asp Val Thr Tyr Phe Pro Phe Asp Tyr Gln Asn Cys Thr Met Lys Phe 165 170 175 Gly Ser Trp Ser Tyr Asp Lys Ala Lys Ile Asp Leu Val Leu Ile Gly 180 185 190 Ser Ser Met Asn Leu Lys Asp Tyr Trp Glu Ser Gly Glu Trp Ala Ile 195 200 205 Ile Lys Ala Pro Gly Tyr Asn His Asp Ile Lys Tyr Asn Cys Cys Glu 210 215 220 Glu Ile Tyr Pro Asp Ile Thr Tyr Ser Leu Ile Ile Arg Arg Leu Ser 225 230 235 240 Leu Phe Tyr Thr Ile Ile Leu Ile Ile Pro Trp Leu Ile Ile Ser Phe 245 250 255 Ile Thr Val Val Val Phe Tyr Leu Pro Ser Asp Cys Gly Glu Lys Val 260 265 270 Thr Leu Cys Ile Ser Val Leu Leu Ser Leu Thr Val Phe Leu Leu Val 275 280 285 Ile Thr Glu Thr Ile Pro Ser Thr Ser Leu Val Ile Pro Leu Ile Gly 290 295 300 Glu Tyr Leu Leu Phe Thr Met Ile Phe Val Thr Leu Ser Ile Ala Ile 305 310 315 320 Thr Val Phe Val Leu Asn Val His Tyr Arg Thr Pro Thr Thr His Thr 325 330 335 Met Pro Ser Trp Val Lys Thr Val Phe Leu Asn Leu Leu Pro Arg Val 340 345 350 Met Phe Met Thr Arg Pro Thr Ser Asn Glu Gly Asn Ala Gln Lys Pro 355 360 365 Arg Pro Leu Tyr Gly Ala Glu Leu Ser Asn Leu Asn Cys Phe Ser Arg 370 375 380 Ala Glu Ser Xaa Gly Cys Lys Glu Gly Tyr Pro Cys Gln Asp Gly Met 385 390 395 400 Cys Gly Tyr Cys His His Arg Arg Ile Lys Ile Ser Asn Phe Ser Ala 405 410 415 Asn Leu Thr Arg Ser Ser Ser Ser Glu Ser Val Asp Ala Val Leu Ser 420 425 430 Leu Ser Ala Leu Ser Pro Glu Ile Lys Glu Ala Ile Gln Ser Val Lys 435 440 445 Tyr Ile Ala Glu Asn Met Lys Ala Gln Asn Glu Ala Lys Glu Ile Gln 450 455 460 Asp Asp Trp Lys Tyr Val Ala Met Val Ile Asp Arg Ile Phe Leu Trp 465 470 475 480 Val Phe Thr Leu Val Cys Thr Leu Gly Thr Glu Gly Leu Phe Leu Gln 485 490 495 Pro Leu Met Ala Arg Glu Asp Ala 500 2374 base pairs nucleic acid both both cDNA CDS 184..2067 5 TCCACAAGCC GGCGCTCGCT GCGGCGCCGC CGCCGCGCCG CGCGCCACAG GAGAAGGCGA 60 GCCGGGCCCG GCGGCCGAAG CGGCCCGCGA GGCGCGGGAG GCATGAAGTT GGGCGCGCAC 120 GGGCCTCGAA GCGGCGGGGA GCCGGGAGCC GCCCGCATCT AGAGCCCGCG AGGTGCGTGC 180 GCCATGGAGC TAGGGGGCCC CGGAGCGCCG CGGCTGCTGC CGCCGCTGCT GCTGCTTCTG 240 GGGACCGGCC TCCTGCGCGC CAGCAGCCAT GTGGAGACCC GGGCCCACGC CGAGGAGCGG 300 CTCCTGAAGA AACTCTTCTC CGGTTACAAC AAGTGGTCCC GACCCGTGGC CAACATCTCG 360 GACGTGGTCC TCGTCCGCTT CGGCCTGTCC ATCGCTCAGC TCATTGACGT GGATGAGAAG 420 AACCAGATGA TGACCACGAA CGTCTGGGTG AAGCAGGAGT GGCACGACTA CAAGCTGCGC 480 TGGGACCCAG CTGACTATGA GAATGTCACC TCCATCCGCA TCCCCTCCGA GCTCATCTGG 540 CGGCCGGACA TCGCCCTCTA CAACAATGCT GACGGGGACT TCGCGGCCAC CCACCTGACC 600 AAGGCCCACC TGTTCCATGA CGGGCGGGTG CAGCGGACTC CCCCGGCCAT TTACAAGAGC 660 TCCTGCAGCA TCGACGTCAC CTTCTTCCCC TTCGACCAGC AGAACTGCAC CATGAAATTC 720 GGCTCCTGGA CCTACGACAA GGCCAAGATC GACCTGGTGA ACATGCACAG CCGCGTGGAC 780 CAGCTGGACT TCTGGGAGAG TGGCGAGTGG CTCATCGCGG ACGCCGYGGG CACCTACAAC 840 ACCAGGAAGT ACGAGTGCTG CGCCGAGATC TACCCGGACA TCACCTATGC CTACGCCATC 900 CGGCGGCTGC CGCTCTTCTG CACCATCAAC CTCATCATCC CCTGGCTGCT CATCTCCTGC 960 CTCACCGCGC TGGTCTTCTA CCTGCCCTCC GAGTGTGGCG AGAAGATCAC GCTGTGCATC 1020 TCCGCGCTGC TGTCGCTCAC CGGCTTCCTG CTGCTCATCA CCGAGATCAT CCCGCCCACC 1080 TCACTGGTCA TCCCACTCAT CGGCGAGTAC CTGCTGTTCA CCATGATCTT CGTCACCCTG 1140 TCCATCGCCA TCACGGTCTT CGTGCTCAAC GTGCACCACC GCTCGCCACG CACGCACACC 1200 ATGCCCACCT GGGTACGCAG CGTCTTCCTG GACATCGTGC CACGCCTGCT CCTCATGAAG 1260 CGGCCGTCCG TGGTCAAGGA CAATTGCCGG CGGCTCATCG AGTCCATGCA TAAGATGGCC 1320 AGTGCCCCGC GCTTCTGGCC CGAGCCAGAA GGGGAGCCCC CTGCCACGAG CGGCACCCAG 1380 AGCCTGCACC CTCCCTCACC GCCCTTCTGC GTCCCCCTGG ATGTGCCGGC TGAGCCTGGG 1440 CCTTCCTGCA AGTCACCCTC CGACCAGCTC CCTCCTCAGA AGCCCCTGGA AGCTGAGAAA 1500 GACAGCCCCC ACCCCTCGCC TGGACCCTGC CGCCCGCCCC ACGGCACCCA GGCACCAGGG 1560 CTGGCCAAAG CCAGGTCCCT CAGCGTCCAG CACATGTCCA GCCCTGGCGA AGCGGTGGAA 1620 GGCGGCGTCC GGTGCCGGTC TCGGAGCATC CAGTACTGTG TTCCCCGAGA CGATGCCGCC 1680 CCCGAGGCAG ATGGCCAGGC TKCCGGCGCC CTGGCCTCTC GCAACAGCCA CTCGGCTGAG 1740 CTCCCACCCC CAGACCAGCC CTCTCCGTGC AAATGCACAT GCAAGAAGGA GCCCTCTTCG 1800 GTGTCCCCGA GCGCCRCGGT CAAGACCCGC AGCACCAAAG CGCCGCCGCC GCACCTGCCC 1860 CTGTCGCCGG CCCTGAGCCG GGCGGTGGAG GGCGTCCAGT ACATTGCAGA CCACCTGAAG 1920 GCCGAAGACA CAGACTTCTC GGTGAAGGAG GACTGGAAGT ACGTGGCCAT GGTCATCGAC 1980 CGCATCTTCC TCTGGATGTT CATCATCGTC TGCCTGCTGG GGACGGTGGG CCTCTTCCTG 2040 CCGCCCTGGC TGGCTGGCAT GATCTAGGAA GGGACCGGGA GCCTGCGTGG CCTGGGGCTG 2100 CCGCGCACGG GGCCAGCATC CATGCGGCCG GCCTGGGGCC GGGCTGGCTT CTCCCTGGAC 2160 TCTGTGGGGC CACACGTTTG CCAAATTTCC CTYCCTGTTC TGTGTCTGCT GTAAGACGGC 2220 CTTGGACGGC GACACGGCCT CTGGGGAGAC CGAGTGTGGA GCTGCTTCCA GTTGGACTCT 2280 SGCCTCAGNA GGCAGCGGCT TGGAGCAGAG GTGGCGGTCG CCGCCTYCTA CCTGCAGGAC 2340 TCGGGCTAAG TCCAGCTCTC CCCCTGCGCA GCCC 2374 627 amino acids amino acid single unknown protein 6 Met Glu Leu Gly Gly Pro Gly Ala Pro Arg Leu Leu Pro Pro Leu Leu 1 5 10 15 Leu Leu Leu Gly Thr Gly Leu Leu Arg Ala Ser Ser His Val Glu Thr 20 25 30 Arg Ala His Ala Glu Glu Arg Leu Leu Lys Lys Leu Phe Ser Gly Tyr 35 40 45 Asn Lys Trp Ser Arg Pro Val Ala Asn Ile Ser Asp Val Val Leu Val 50 55 60 Arg Phe Gly Leu Ser Ile Ala Gln Leu Ile Asp Val Asp Glu Lys Asn 65 70 75 80 Gln Met Met Thr Thr Asn Val Trp Val Lys Gln Glu Trp His Asp Tyr 85 90 95 Lys Leu Arg Trp Asp Pro Ala Asp Tyr Glu Asn Val Thr Ser Ile Arg 100 105 110 Ile Pro Ser Glu Leu Ile Trp Arg Pro Asp Ile Ala Leu Tyr Asn Asn 115 120 125 Ala Asp Gly Asp Phe Ala Ala Thr His Leu Thr Lys Ala His Leu Phe 130 135 140 His Asp Gly Arg Val Gln Arg Thr Pro Pro Ala Ile Tyr Lys Ser Ser 145 150 155 160 Cys Ser Ile Asp Val Thr Phe Phe Pro Phe Asp Gln Gln Asn Cys Thr 165 170 175 Met Lys Phe Gly Ser Trp Thr Tyr Asp Lys Ala Lys Ile Asp Leu Val 180 185 190 Asn Met His Ser Arg Val Asp Gln Leu Asp Phe Trp Glu Ser Gly Glu 195 200 205 Trp Leu Ile Ala Asp Ala Xaa Gly Thr Tyr Asn Thr Arg Lys Tyr Glu 210 215 220 Cys Cys Ala Glu Ile Tyr Pro Asp Ile Thr Tyr Ala Tyr Ala Ile Arg 225 230 235 240 Arg Leu Pro Leu Phe Cys Thr Ile Asn Leu Ile Ile Pro Trp Leu Leu 245 250 255 Ile Ser Cys Leu Thr Ala Leu Val Phe Tyr Leu Pro Ser Glu Cys Gly 260 265 270 Glu Lys Ile Thr Leu Cys Ile Ser Ala Leu Leu Ser Leu Thr Gly Phe 275 280 285 Leu Leu Leu Ile Thr Glu Ile Ile Pro Pro Thr Ser Leu Val Ile Pro 290 295 300 Leu Ile Gly Glu Tyr Leu Leu Phe Thr Met Ile Phe Val Thr Leu Ser 305 310 315 320 Ile Ala Ile Thr Val Phe Val Leu Asn Val His His Arg Ser Pro Arg 325 330 335 Thr His Thr Met Pro Thr Trp Val Arg Ser Val Phe Leu Asp Ile Val 340 345 350 Pro Arg Leu Leu Leu Met Lys Arg Pro Ser Val Val Lys Asp Asn Cys 355 360 365 Arg Arg Leu Ile Glu Ser Met His Lys Met Ala Ser Ala Pro Arg Phe 370 375 380 Trp Pro Glu Pro Glu Gly Glu Pro Pro Ala Thr Ser Gly Thr Gln Ser 385 390 395 400 Leu His Pro Pro Ser Pro Pro Phe Cys Val Pro Leu Asp Val Pro Ala 405 410 415 Glu Pro Gly Pro Ser Cys Lys Ser Pro Ser Asp Gln Leu Pro Pro Gln 420 425 430 Lys Pro Leu Glu Ala Glu Lys Asp Ser Pro His Pro Ser Pro Gly Pro 435 440 445 Cys Arg Pro Pro His Gly Thr Gln Ala Pro Gly Leu Ala Lys Ala Arg 450 455 460 Ser Leu Ser Val Gln His Met Ser Ser Pro Gly Glu Ala Val Glu Gly 465 470 475 480 Gly Val Arg Cys Arg Ser Arg Ser Ile Gln Tyr Cys Val Pro Arg Asp 485 490 495 Asp Ala Ala Pro Glu Ala Asp Gly Gln Ala Xaa Gly Ala Leu Ala Ser 500 505 510 Arg Asn Ser His Ser Ala Glu Leu Pro Pro Pro Asp Gln Pro Ser Pro 515 520 525 Cys Lys Cys Thr Cys Lys Lys Glu Pro Ser Ser Val Ser Pro Ser Ala 530 535 540 Xaa Val Lys Thr Arg Ser Thr Lys Ala Pro Pro Pro His Leu Pro Leu 545 550 555 560 Ser Pro Ala Leu Ser Arg Ala Val Glu Gly Val Gln Tyr Ile Ala Asp 565 570 575 His Leu Lys Ala Glu Asp Thr Asp Phe Ser Val Lys Glu Asp Trp Lys 580 585 590 Tyr Val Ala Met Val Ile Asp Arg Ile Phe Leu Trp Met Phe Ile Ile 595 600 605 Val Cys Leu Leu Gly Thr Val Gly Leu Phe Leu Pro Pro Trp Leu Ala 610 615 620 Gly Met Ile 625 1876 base pairs nucleic acid both both cDNA CDS 73..1581 7 GGCCGCAGGC GCAGGCCCGG GCGACAGCCG AGACGTGGAG CGCGCCGGCT CGCTGCAGCT 60 CCGGGACTCA ACATGCGCTG CTCGCCGGGA GGCGTCTGGC TGGCGCTGGC CGCGTCGCTC 120 CTGCACGTGT CCCTGCAAGG CGAGTTCCAG AGGAAGCTTT ACAAGGAGCT GGTCAAGAAC 180 TACAATCCCT TGGAGAGGCC CGTGGCCAAT GACTCGCAAC CACTCACCGT CTACTTCTCC 240 CTGAGCCTCC TGCAGATCAT GGACGTGGAT GAGAAGAACC AAGTTTTAAC CACCAACATT 300 TGGCTGCAAA TGTCTTGGAC AGATCACTAT TTACAGTGGA ATGTGTCAGA ATATCCAGGG 360 GTGAAGACTG TTCGTTTCCC AGATGGCCAG ATTTGGAAAC CAGACATTCT TCTCTATAAC 420 AGTGCTGATG AGCGCTTTGA CGCCACATTC CACACTAACG TGTTGGTGAA TTCTTCTGGG 480 CATTGCCAGT ACCTGCCTCC AGGCATATTC AAGAGTTCCT GCTACATCGA TGTACGCTGG 540 TTTCCCTTTG ATGTGCAGCA CTGCAAACTG AAGTTTGGGT CCTGGTCTTA CGGAGGCTGG 600 TCCTTGGATC TGCAGATGCA GGAGGCAGAT ATCAGTGGCT ATATCCCCAA TGGAGAATGG 660 GACCTAGTGG GAATCCCCGG CAAGAGGAGT GAAAGGTTCT ATGAGTGCTG CAAAGAGCCC 720 TACCCCGATG TCACCTTCAC AGTGACCATG CGCCGCAGGA CGCTCTACTA TGGCCTCAAC 780 CTGCTGATCC CCTGTGTGCT CATCTCCGCC CTCGCCCTGC TGGTGTTCCT GCTTCCTGCA 840 GATTCCGGGG AGAAGATTTC CCTGGGGATA ACAGTCTTAC TCTCTCTTAC CGTCTTCATG 900 CTGCTCGTGG CTGAGATCAT GCCCGCAACA TCCGATTCGG TACCATTGAT AGCCCAGTAC 960 TTCGCCAGCA CCATGATCAT CGTGGGCCTC TCGGTGGTGG TGACGGTGAT CGTGCTGCAG 1020 TACCACCACC ACGACCCCGA CGGGGGCAAG ATGCCCAAGT GGACCAGAGT CATCCTTCTG 1080 AACTGGTGCG CGTGGTTCCT SCGAATGAAG AGGCCCGGGG AGGACAAGGT GCGCCCGGCC 1140 TGCCAGCACA AGCAGCGGCG CTGCAGCCTG GCCAGTGTGG AGATGAGCGC CGTGGCGCCG 1200 CCGCCCGCCA GCAACGGGAA CCTGCTGTAC ATCGGCTTCC GCGGCCTGGA CGGCGTGCAC 1260 TGTGTCCCGA CCCCCGACTC TGGGGTAGTG TGTGGCCGCA TGGCCTGCTC CCCCACGCAC 1320 GATGAGCACC TCCTGCACGG CGGGCAACCC CCCGAGGGGG ACCCGGACTT GGCCAAGATC 1380 CTGGAGGAGG TCCGCTACAT TGCCAATCGC TTCCGCTGCC AGGACGAAAG CGAGGCGGTC 1440 TGCAGCGAGT GGAAGTTCGC CGCCTGTGTG GTGGACCGCC TGTGCCTCAT GGCCTTCTCG 1500 GTCTTCACCA TCATCTGCAC CATCGGCATC CTGATGTCGG CTCCCAACTT CGTGGAGGCC 1560 GTGTCCAAAG ACTTTGCGTA ACCACGCCTG GTTCTGTACA TGTGGAAAAC TCACAGATGG 1620 GCAAGGCCTT TGGCTTGGCG AGATTTGGGG GTGCTAATCC AGGACAGCAT TACACGCCAC 1680 AACTCCAGTG TTCCCTTCTG GCTGTCAGTC GTGTTGCTTA CGGTTTCTTT GTTACTTTAG 1740 GTAGTAGAAT CTCAGCACTT TGTTTCATAT TCTCAGATGG GCTGATAGAT ATCCTTGGCA 1800 CATCCGTACC ATCGGTCAGC AGGGCCACTG AGTAGTCATT TTGCCCATTA GCCCACTGCC 1860 TGGAAAGCCC TTCGGA 1876 502 amino acids amino acid single unknown protein 8 Met Arg Cys Ser Pro Gly Gly Val Trp Leu Ala Leu Ala Ala Ser Leu 1 5 10 15 Leu His Val Ser Leu Gln Gly Glu Phe Gln Arg Lys Leu Tyr Lys Glu 20 25 30 Leu Val Lys Asn Tyr Asn Pro Leu Glu Arg Pro Val Ala Asn Asp Ser 35 40 45 Gln Pro Leu Thr Val Tyr Phe Ser Leu Ser Leu Leu Gln Ile Met Asp 50 55 60 Val Asp Glu Lys Asn Gln Val Leu Thr Thr Asn Ile Trp Leu Gln Met 65 70 75 80 Ser Trp Thr Asp His Tyr Leu Gln Trp Asn Val Ser Glu Tyr Pro Gly 85 90 95 Val Lys Thr Val Arg Phe Pro Asp Gly Gln Ile Trp Lys Pro Asp Ile 100 105 110 Leu Leu Tyr Asn Ser Ala Asp Glu Arg Phe Asp Ala Thr Phe His Thr 115 120 125 Asn Val Leu Val Asn Ser Ser Gly His Cys Gln Tyr Leu Pro Pro Gly 130 135 140 Ile Phe Lys Ser Ser Cys Tyr Ile Asp Val Arg Trp Phe Pro Phe Asp 145 150 155 160 Val Gln His Cys Lys Leu Lys Phe Gly Ser Trp Ser Tyr Gly Gly Trp 165 170 175 Ser Leu Asp Leu Gln Met Gln Glu Ala Asp Ile Ser Gly Tyr Ile Pro 180 185 190 Asn Gly Glu Trp Asp Leu Val Gly Ile Pro Gly Lys Arg Ser Glu Arg 195 200 205 Phe Tyr Glu Cys Cys Lys Glu Pro Tyr Pro Asp Val Thr Phe Thr Val 210 215 220 Thr Met Arg Arg Arg Thr Leu Tyr Tyr Gly Leu Asn Leu Leu Ile Pro 225 230 235 240 Cys Val Leu Ile Ser Ala Leu Ala Leu Leu Val Phe Leu Leu Pro Ala 245 250 255 Asp Ser Gly Glu Lys Ile Ser Leu Gly Ile Thr Val Leu Leu Ser Leu 260 265 270 Thr Val Phe Met Leu Leu Val Ala Glu Ile Met Pro Ala Thr Ser Asp 275 280 285 Ser Val Pro Leu Ile Ala Gln Tyr Phe Ala Ser Thr Met Ile Ile Val 290 295 300 Gly Leu Ser Val Val Val Thr Val Ile Val Leu Gln Tyr His His His 305 310 315 320 Asp Pro Asp Gly Gly Lys Met Pro Lys Trp Thr Arg Val Ile Leu Leu 325 330 335 Asn Trp Cys Ala Trp Phe Leu Arg Met Lys Arg Pro Gly Glu Asp Lys 340 345 350 Val Arg Pro Ala Cys Gln His Lys Gln Arg Arg Cys Ser Leu Ala Ser 355 360 365 Val Glu Met Ser Ala Val Ala Pro Pro Pro Ala Ser Asn Gly Asn Leu 370 375 380 Leu Tyr Ile Gly Phe Arg Gly Leu Asp Gly Val His Cys Val Pro Thr 385 390 395 400 Pro Asp Ser Gly Val Val Cys Gly Arg Met Ala Cys Ser Pro Thr His 405 410 415 Asp Glu His Leu Leu His Gly Gly Gln Pro Pro Glu Gly Asp Pro Asp 420 425 430 Leu Ala Lys Ile Leu Glu Glu Val Arg Tyr Ile Ala Asn Arg Phe Arg 435 440 445 Cys Gln Asp Glu Ser Glu Ala Val Cys Ser Glu Trp Lys Phe Ala Ala 450 455 460 Cys Val Val Asp Arg Leu Cys Leu Met Ala Phe Ser Val Phe Thr Ile 465 470 475 480 Ile Cys Thr Ile Gly Ile Leu Met Ser Ala Pro Asn Phe Val Glu Ala 485 490 495 Val Ser Lys Asp Phe Ala 500 2450 base pairs nucleic acid both both cDNA CDS 267..1775 9 GGCTCCTCCC CCTCACCGTC CCAATTGTAT TCCCTGGAAG AGCAGCCGGA AAAGCCTCCG 60 CCTGCTCATA CCAGGATAGG CAAGAAGCTG GTTTCTCCTC GCAGCCAACT CCCTGAGACC 120 CAGGAACCAC CGCGGCGGCC GGCACCACCT GGACCCAGCT CCAGGCGGGC GCGGCTTCAG 180 CACCACGGAC AGCGCCCCAC CCGCGGCCCT CCCCCCGGCG GCGCGCTCCA GCCGGTGTAG 240 GCGAGGCAGC GAGCTATGCC CGCGGC ATG GCC CGG CGC TGC GGC CCC GTG GCG 293 Met Ala Arg Arg Cys Gly Pro Val Ala 1 5 CTG CTC CTT GGC TTC GGC CTC CTC CGG CTG TGC TCA GGG GTG TGG GGT 341 Leu Leu Leu Gly Phe Gly Leu Leu Arg Leu Cys Ser Gly Val Trp Gly 10 15 20 25 ACG GAT ACA GAG GAG CGG CTG GTG GAG CAT CTC CTG GAT CCT TCC CGC 389 Thr Asp Thr Glu Glu Arg Leu Val Glu His Leu Leu Asp Pro Ser Arg 30 35 40 TAC AAC AAG CTT ATC CGC CCA GCC ACC AAT GGC TCT GAG CTG GTG ACA 437 Tyr Asn Lys Leu Ile Arg Pro Ala Thr Asn Gly Ser Glu Leu Val Thr 45 50 55 GTA CAG CTT ATG GTG TCA CTG GCC CAG CTC ATC AGT GTG CAT GAG CGG 485 Val Gln Leu Met Val Ser Leu Ala Gln Leu Ile Ser Val His Glu Arg 60 65 70 GAG CAG ATC ATG ACC ACC AAT GTC TGG CTG ACC CAG GAG TGG GAA GAT 533 Glu Gln Ile Met Thr Thr Asn Val Trp Leu Thr Gln Glu Trp Glu Asp 75 80 85 TAT CGC CTC ACC TGG AAG CCT GAA GAG TTT GAC AAC ATG AAG AAA GTT 581 Tyr Arg Leu Thr Trp Lys Pro Glu Glu Phe Asp Asn Met Lys Lys Val 90 95 100 105 CGG CTC CCT TCC AAA CAC ATC TGG CTC CCA GAT GTG GTC CTG TAC AAC 629 Arg Leu Pro Ser Lys His Ile Trp Leu Pro Asp Val Val Leu Tyr Asn 110 115 120 AAT GCT GAC GGC ATG TAC GAG GTG TCC TTC TAT TCC AAT GCC GTG GTC 677 Asn Ala Asp Gly Met Tyr Glu Val Ser Phe Tyr Ser Asn Ala Val Val 125 130 135 TCC TAT GAT GGC AGC ATC TTC TGG CTG CCG CCT GCC ATC TAC AAG AGC 725 Ser Tyr Asp Gly Ser Ile Phe Trp Leu Pro Pro Ala Ile Tyr Lys Ser 140 145 150 GCA TGC AAG ATT GAA GTA AAG CAC TTC CCA TTT GAC CAG CAG AAC TGC 773 Ala Cys Lys Ile Glu Val Lys His Phe Pro Phe Asp Gln Gln Asn Cys 155 160 165 ACC ATG AAG TTC CGT TCG TGG ACC TAC GAC CGC ACA GAG ATC GAC TTG 821 Thr Met Lys Phe Arg Ser Trp Thr Tyr Asp Arg Thr Glu Ile Asp Leu 170 175 180 185 GTG CTG AAG AGT GAG GTG GCC AGC CTG GAC GAC TTC ACA CCT AGT GGT 869 Val Leu Lys Ser Glu Val Ala Ser Leu Asp Asp Phe Thr Pro Ser Gly 190 195 200 GAG TGG GAC ATC GTG GCG CTG CCG GGC CGG CGC AAC GAG AAC CCC GAC 917 Glu Trp Asp Ile Val Ala Leu Pro Gly Arg Arg Asn Glu Asn Pro Asp 205 210 215 GAC TCT ACG TAC GTG GAC ATC ACG TAT GAC TTC ATC ATT CGC CGC AAG 965 Asp Ser Thr Tyr Val Asp Ile Thr Tyr Asp Phe Ile Ile Arg Arg Lys 220 225 230 CCG CTC TTC TAC ACC ATC AAC CTC ATC ATC CCC TGT GTG CTC ATC ACC 1013 Pro Leu Phe Tyr Thr Ile Asn Leu Ile Ile Pro Cys Val Leu Ile Thr 235 240 245 TCG CTA GCC ATC CTT GTC TTC TAC CTG CCA TCC GAC TGT GGC GAG AAG 1061 Ser Leu Ala Ile Leu Val Phe Tyr Leu Pro Ser Asp Cys Gly Glu Lys 250 255 260 265 ATG ACG TTG TGC ATC TCA GTG CTG CTG GCG CTC ACG GTC TTC CTG CTG 1109 Met Thr Leu Cys Ile Ser Val Leu Leu Ala Leu Thr Val Phe Leu Leu 270 275 280 CTC ATC TCC AAG ATC GTG CCT CCC ACC TCC CTC GAC GTG CCG CTC GTC 1157 Leu Ile Ser Lys Ile Val Pro Pro Thr Ser Leu Asp Val Pro Leu Val 285 290 295 GGC AAG TAC CTC ATG TTC ACC ATG GTG CTT GTC ACC TTC TCC ATC GTC 1205 Gly Lys Tyr Leu Met Phe Thr Met Val Leu Val Thr Phe Ser Ile Val 300 305 310 ACC AGC GTG TGC GTG CTC AAC GTG CAC CAC CGC TCG CCC ACC ACG CAC 1253 Thr Ser Val Cys Val Leu Asn Val His His Arg Ser Pro Thr Thr His 315 320 325 ACC ATG GCG CCC TGG GTG AAG GTC GTC TTC CTG GAG AAG CTG CCC GCG 1301 Thr Met Ala Pro Trp Val Lys Val Val Phe Leu Glu Lys Leu Pro Ala 330 335 340 345 CTG CTC TTC ATG CAG CAG CCA CGC CAT CAT TGC GCC CGT CAG CGC CTG 1349 Leu Leu Phe Met Gln Gln Pro Arg His His Cys Ala Arg Gln Arg Leu 350 355 360 CGC CTG CGG CGA CGC CAG CGT GAG CGC GAG GGC GCT GGA GCC CTC TTC 1397 Arg Leu Arg Arg Arg Gln Arg Glu Arg Glu Gly Ala Gly Ala Leu Phe 365 370 375 TTC CGC GAA GCC CCA GGG GCC GAC TCC TGC ACG TGC TTC GTC AAC CGC 1445 Phe Arg Glu Ala Pro Gly Ala Asp Ser Cys Thr Cys Phe Val Asn Arg 380 385 390 GCG TCG GTG CAG GGG TTG GCC GGG GCC TTC GGG GCT GAG CCT GCA CCA 1493 Ala Ser Val Gln Gly Leu Ala Gly Ala Phe Gly Ala Glu Pro Ala Pro 395 400 405 GTG GCG GGC CCC GGG CGC TCA GGG GAG CCG TGT GGC TGT GGC CTC CGG 1541 Val Ala Gly Pro Gly Arg Ser Gly Glu Pro Cys Gly Cys Gly Leu Arg 410 415 420 425 GAG GCG GTG GAC GGC GTG CGC TTC ATC GCA GAC CAC ATG CGG AGC GAG 1589 Glu Ala Val Asp Gly Val Arg Phe Ile Ala Asp His Met Arg Ser Glu 430 435 440 GAC GAT GAC CAG AGC GTG AGT GAG GAC TGG AAG TAC GTC GCC ATG GTG 1637 Asp Asp Asp Gln Ser Val Ser Glu Asp Trp Lys Tyr Val Ala Met Val 445 450 455 ATC GAC CGC CTC TTC CTC TGG ATC TTT GTC TTT GTC TGT GTC TTT GGC 1685 Ile Asp Arg Leu Phe Leu Trp Ile Phe Val Phe Val Cys Val Phe Gly 460 465 470 ACC ATC GGC ATG TTC CTG CAG CCT CTC TTC CAG AAC TAC ACC ACC ACC 1733 Thr Ile Gly Met Phe Leu Gln Pro Leu Phe Gln Asn Tyr Thr Thr Thr 475 480 485 ACC TTC CTC CAC TCA GAC CAC TCA GCC CCC AGC TCC AAG TGAGGCCCTT 1782 Thr Phe Leu His Ser Asp His Ser Ala Pro Ser Ser Lys 490 495 500 CCTCATCTCC ATGCTCTTTC ACCCTGCCAC CCTCTGCTGC ACAGTAGTGT TGGGTGGAGG 1842 ATGGACGAGT GAGCTACCAG GAAGAGGGGC GCTGCCCCCA CAGATCCATC CTTTTGCTTC 1902 ATCTGGAGTC CCTCCTCCCC CACGCCTCCA TCCACACACA GCAGCTCCAA CCTGGAGGCT 1962 GGACCAACTG CTTTGTTTTG GCTGCTCTCC ATCTCTTGTA CCAGCCCAGG CAATAGTGTT 2022 GAGGAGGGGA GCAAGGCTGC TAAGTGGAAG ACAGAGATGG CAGAGCCATC CACCCTGAGG 2082 AGTGACGGGC AAGGGGCCAG GAAGGGGACA GGATTGTCTG CTGCCTCCAA GTCATGGGAG 2142 AAGAGGGGTA TAGGACAAGG GGTGGAAGGG CAGGAGCTCA CACCGCACCG GGCTGGCCTG 2202 ACACAATGGT AGCTCTGAAG GGAGGGGAAG AGAGAGGCCT GGGTGTGACC TGACACCTGC 2262 CGCTGCTTGA GTGGACAGCA GCTGGACTGG GTGGGCCCCA CAGTGGTCAG CGATTCCTGC 2322 CAAGTAGGGT TTAGCCGGGC CCCATGGTCA CAGACCCCTG GGGGAGGCTT CCAGCTCAGT 2382 CCCACAGCCC CTTGCTTCTA AGGGATCCAG AGACCTGCTC CAGATCCTCT TTCCCCACTG 2442 AAGAATTC 2450 502 amino acids amino acid linear protein 10 Met Ala Arg Arg Cys Gly Pro Val Ala Leu Leu Leu Gly Phe Gly Leu 1 5 10 15 Leu Arg Leu Cys Ser Gly Val Trp Gly Thr Asp Thr Glu Glu Arg Leu 20 25 30 Val Glu His Leu Leu Asp Pro Ser Arg Tyr Asn Lys Leu Ile Arg Pro 35 40 45 Ala Thr Asn Gly Ser Glu Leu Val Thr Val Gln Leu Met Val Ser Leu 50 55 60 Ala Gln Leu Ile Ser Val His Glu Arg Glu Gln Ile Met Thr Thr Asn 65 70 75 80 Val Trp Leu Thr Gln Glu Trp Glu Asp Tyr Arg Leu Thr Trp Lys Pro 85 90 95 Glu Glu Phe Asp Asn Met Lys Lys Val Arg Leu Pro Ser Lys His Ile 100 105 110 Trp Leu Pro Asp Val Val Leu Tyr Asn Asn Ala Asp Gly Met Tyr Glu 115 120 125 Val Ser Phe Tyr Ser Asn Ala Val Val Ser Tyr Asp Gly Ser Ile Phe 130 135 140 Trp Leu Pro Pro Ala Ile Tyr Lys Ser Ala Cys Lys Ile Glu Val Lys 145 150 155 160 His Phe Pro Phe Asp Gln Gln Asn Cys Thr Met Lys Phe Arg Ser Trp 165 170 175 Thr Tyr Asp Arg Thr Glu Ile Asp Leu Val Leu Lys Ser Glu Val Ala 180 185 190 Ser Leu Asp Asp Phe Thr Pro Ser Gly Glu Trp Asp Ile Val Ala Leu 195 200 205 Pro Gly Arg Arg Asn Glu Asn Pro Asp Asp Ser Thr Tyr Val Asp Ile 210 215 220 Thr Tyr Asp Phe Ile Ile Arg Arg Lys Pro Leu Phe Tyr Thr Ile Asn 225 230 235 240 Leu Ile Ile Pro Cys Val Leu Ile Thr Ser Leu Ala Ile Leu Val Phe 245 250 255 Tyr Leu Pro Ser Asp Cys Gly Glu Lys Met Thr Leu Cys Ile Ser Val 260 265 270 Leu Leu Ala Leu Thr Val Phe Leu Leu Leu Ile Ser Lys Ile Val Pro 275 280 285 Pro Thr Ser Leu Asp Val Pro Leu Val Gly Lys Tyr Leu Met Phe Thr 290 295 300 Met Val Leu Val Thr Phe Ser Ile Val Thr Ser Val Cys Val Leu Asn 305 310 315 320 Val His His Arg Ser Pro Thr Thr His Thr Met Ala Pro Trp Val Lys 325 330 335 Val Val Phe Leu Glu Lys Leu Pro Ala Leu Leu Phe Met Gln Gln Pro 340 345 350 Arg His His Cys Ala Arg Gln Arg Leu Arg Leu Arg Arg Arg Gln Arg 355 360 365 Glu Arg Glu Gly Ala Gly Ala Leu Phe Phe Arg Glu Ala Pro Gly Ala 370 375 380 Asp Ser Cys Thr Cys Phe Val Asn Arg Ala Ser Val Gln Gly Leu Ala 385 390 395 400 Gly Ala Phe Gly Ala Glu Pro Ala Pro Val Ala Gly Pro Gly Arg Ser 405 410 415 Gly Glu Pro Cys Gly Cys Gly Leu Arg Glu Ala Val Asp Gly Val Arg 420 425 430 Phe Ile Ala Asp His Met Arg Ser Glu Asp Asp Asp Gln Ser Val Ser 435 440 445 Glu Asp Trp Lys Tyr Val Ala Met Val Ile Asp Arg Leu Phe Leu Trp 450 455 460 Ile Phe Val Phe Val Cys Val Phe Gly Thr Ile Gly Met Phe Leu Gln 465 470 475 480 Pro Leu Phe Gln Asn Tyr Thr Thr Thr Thr Phe Leu His Ser Asp His 485 490 495 Ser Ala Pro Ser Ser Lys 500 1915 base pairs nucleic acid both both cDNA CDS 87..1583 11 CCGGCGCTCA CTCGACCGCG CGGCTCACGG GTGCCCTGTG ACCCCACAGC GGAGCTCGCG 60 GCGGCTGCCA CCCGGCCCCG CCGGCCATGA GGCGCGCGCC TTCCCTGGTC CTTTTCTTCC 120 TGGTCGCCCT TTGCGGGCGC GGGAACTGCC GCGTGGCCAA TGCGGAGGAA AAGCTGATGG 180 ACGACCTTCT GAACAAAACC CGTTACAATA ACCTGATCCG CCCAGCCACC AGCTCCTCAC 240 AGCTCATCTC CATCAAGCTG CAGCTCTCCC TGGCCCAGCT TATCAGCGTG AATGAGCGAG 300 AGCAGATCAT GACCACCAAT GTCTGGCTGA AACAGGAATG GACTGATTAC CGCCTGACCT 360 GGAACAGCTC CCGCTACGAG GGTGTGAACA TCCTGAGGAT CCCTGCAAAG CGCATCTGGT 420 TGCCTGACAT CGTGCTTTAC AACAACGCCG ACGGGACCTA TGAGGTGTCT GTCTACACCA 480 ACTTGATAGT CCGGTCCAAC GGCAGCGTCC TGTGGCTGCC CCCTGCCATC TACAAGAGCG 540 CCTGCAAGAT TGAGGTGAAG TACTTTCCCT TCGACCAGCA GAACTGCACC CTCAAGTTCC 600 GCTCCTGGAC CTATGACCAC ACGGAGATAG ACATGGTCCT CATGACGCCC ACAGCCAGCA 660 TGGATGACTT TACTCCCAGT GGTGAGTGGG ACATAGTGGC CCTCCCAGGG AGAAGGACAG 720 TGAACCCACA AGACCCCAGC TACGTGGACG TGACTTACGA CTTCATCATC AAGCGCAAGC 780 CTCTGTTCTA CACCATCAAC CTCATCATCC CCTGCGTGCT CACCACCTTG CTGGCCATCC 840 TCGTCTTCTA CCTGCCATCC GACTGCGGCG AGAAGATGAC ACTGTGCATC TCAGTGCTGC 900 TGGCACTGAC ATTCTTCCTG CTGCTCATCT CCAAGATCGT GCCACCCACC TCCCTCGATG 960 TGCCTCTCAT CGGCAAGTAC CTCATGTTCA CCATGGTGCT GGTCACCTTC TCCATCGYCA 1020 CCAGCGTCTG TGTGCTCAAT GTGCACCACC GCTCGCCCAG CACCCACACC ATGGCACCCT 1080 GGGTCAAGCG CTGCTTCCTG CACAAGCTGC CTACCTTCCT CTTCATGAAG CGCCCTGGCC 1140 CCGACAGCAG CCCGGCCAGA GCCTTCCCGC CCAGCAAGTC ATGCGTGACC AAGCCCGAGG 1200 CCACCGCCAC CTCCACCAGC CCCTCCAACT TCTATGGGAA CTCCATGTAC TTTGTGAACC 1260 CCGCCTCTGC AGCTTCCAAG TCTCCAGCCG GCTCTACCCC GGTGGCTATC CCCAGGGATT 1320 TCTGGCTGCG GYCCTCTGGG AGGTTCCGAC AGGATGTGCA GGAGGCATTA GAAGGTGTCA 1380 GCTTCATCGC CCAGCACATG AAGAATGDCG ATGAAGACCA GAGTGTCGCT GAGGACTGGA 1440 AGAACGTGGC TATGGTGGTG GACCGGCTGT TCCTGTGGGT GTTCATGTTT GTGTGCGTCC 1500 TGGGCTCTGT GGGGCTCTTC CTGCCGCCCC TCTTCCAGAC CCATGCAGCT TCTGAGGGGC 1560 CCTACGCTGC CCAGCGTGAC TGAGGGCCCC CTGGGTTGTG GGGTGAGAGG ATGTGAGTGG 1620 CCGGGTGGGC ACTTTGCTGC TTCTTTCTGG GTTGTGGCCG ATGAGGCCCT AAGTAAATAT 1680 GTGAGCATTG GCCATCAACC CCATCAAACC AGCCACAGCC GTGGAACAGG CAAGGATGGG 1740 GGCCTGGCCT GTCCTCTCTG AATGCCTTGG AGGGATCCCA GGAAGCCCCA GTAGGAGGGA 1800 GCTTCAGACA GTTCAATTCT GGCCTGTCTT CCTTCCCTGC ACCGGGCAAT GGGGATAAAG 1860 ATGACTTCGT AGCAGCACCT ACTATGCTTC AGGCATGGTG CCGGCCTGCC TCTCC 1915 498 amino acids amino acid single unknown protein 12 Met Arg Arg Ala Pro Ser Leu Val Leu Phe Phe Leu Val Ala Leu Cys 1 5 10 15 Gly Arg Gly Asn Cys Arg Val Ala Asn Ala Glu Glu Lys Leu Met Asp 20 25 30 Asp Leu Leu Asn Lys Thr Arg Tyr Asn Asn Leu Ile Arg Pro Ala Thr 35 40 45 Ser Ser Ser Gln Leu Ile Ser Ile Lys Leu Gln Leu Ser Leu Ala Gln 50 55 60 Leu Ile Ser Val Asn Glu Arg Glu Gln Ile Met Thr Thr Asn Val Trp 65 70 75 80 Leu Lys Gln Glu Trp Thr Asp Tyr Arg Leu Thr Trp Asn Ser Ser Arg 85 90 95 Tyr Glu Gly Val Asn Ile Leu Arg Ile Pro Ala Lys Arg Ile Trp Leu 100 105 110 Pro Asp Ile Val Leu Tyr Asn Asn Ala Asp Gly Thr Tyr Glu Val Ser 115 120 125 Val Tyr Thr Asn Leu Ile Val Arg Ser Asn Gly Ser Val Leu Trp Leu 130 135 140 Pro Pro Ala Ile Tyr Lys Ser Ala Cys Lys Ile Glu Val Lys Tyr Phe 145 150 155 160 Pro Phe Asp Gln Gln Asn Cys Thr Leu Lys Phe Arg Ser Trp Thr Tyr 165 170 175 Asp His Thr Glu Ile Asp Met Val Leu Met Thr Pro Thr Ala Ser Met 180 185 190 Asp Asp Phe Thr Pro Ser Gly Glu Trp Asp Ile Val Ala Leu Pro Gly 195 200 205 Arg Arg Thr Val Asn Pro Gln Asp Pro Ser Tyr Val Asp Val Thr Tyr 210 215 220 Asp Phe Ile Ile Lys Arg Lys Pro Leu Phe Tyr Thr Ile Asn Leu Ile 225 230 235 240 Ile Pro Cys Val Leu Thr Thr Leu Leu Ala Ile Leu Val Phe Tyr Leu 245 250 255 Pro Ser Asp Cys Gly Glu Lys Met Thr Leu Cys Ile Ser Val Leu Leu 260 265 270 Ala Leu Thr Phe Phe Leu Leu Leu Ile Ser Lys Ile Val Pro Pro Thr 275 280 285 Ser Leu Asp Val Pro Leu Ile Gly Lys Tyr Leu Met Phe Thr Met Val 290 295 300 Leu Val Thr Phe Ser Ile Xaa Thr Ser Val Cys Val Leu Asn Val His 305 310 315 320 His Arg Ser Pro Ser Thr His Thr Met Ala Pro Trp Val Lys Arg Cys 325 330 335 Phe Leu His Lys Leu Pro Thr Phe Leu Phe Met Lys Arg Pro Gly Pro 340 345 350 Asp Ser Ser Pro Ala Arg Ala Phe Pro Pro Ser Lys Ser Cys Val Thr 355 360 365 Lys Pro Glu Ala Thr Ala Thr Ser Thr Ser Pro Ser Asn Phe Tyr Gly 370 375 380 Asn Ser Met Tyr Phe Val Asn Pro Ala Ser Ala Ala Ser Lys Ser Pro 385 390 395 400 Ala Gly Ser Thr Pro Val Ala Ile Pro Arg Asp Phe Trp Leu Arg Xaa 405 410 415 Ser Gly Arg Phe Arg Gln Asp Val Gln Glu Ala Leu Glu Gly Val Ser 420 425 430 Phe Ile Ala Gln His Met Lys Asn Xaa Asp Glu Asp Gln Ser Val Ala 435 440 445 Glu Asp Trp Lys Asn Val Ala Met Val Val Asp Arg Leu Phe Leu Trp 450 455 460 Val Phe Met Phe Val Cys Val Leu Gly Ser Val Gly Leu Phe Leu Pro 465 470 475 480 Pro Leu Phe Gln Thr His Ala Ala Ser Glu Gly Pro Tyr Ala Ala Gln 485 490 495 Arg Asp 

That which is claimed:
 1. Isolated nucleic acid, comprising a sequence of nucleotides encoding an α₄, α₇ or β₄ subunit of a human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
 2. Isolated DNA of claim 1, wherein the subunit is an α₄ subunit.
 3. Isolated DNA of claim 1, wherein the subunit is an α₇ subunit.
 4. Isolated DNA of claim 1, wherein the subunit is a β₄ subunit.
 5. Isolated cells, comprising a nucleic acid molecule of claim 1 that encodes an α subunit, wherein the cells are bacterial cells, mammalian cells or amphibian oöcytes; and the nucleic acid molecule is heterologous to the cells.
 6. The cells of claim 5, further containing nucleic acid encoding a β subunit of human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
 7. Isolated cells, comprising a nucleic acid molecule of claim 1 that encodes a β subunit, wherein the cells are bacterial cells, mammalian cells or amphibian oöcytes; and the nucleic acid molecule is heterologous to the cells.
 8. The cells of claim 6, wherein the β subunit is selected from β₂ or β₄.
 9. The cells of claim 5, wherein the cells express functional neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that contain one or more subunits encoded by the nucleic acid.
 10. The cells of claim 7, wherein the cells express functional neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that contain one or more subunits encoded by the nucleic acid; and the cells further comprise nucleic acid encoding an α subunit.
 11. The cells of claim 10, wherein the α subunit is selected from α₁, α₂, α₃, α₄, α₅ or α₇.
 12. A method for identifying functional neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits and combinations thereof, comprising: (a) introducing a nucleic acid molecule of claim 1 that encodes an α subunit of a human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and optionally introducing a nucleic acid molecule encoding a β subunit of a human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor into mammalian or amphibian cells; and (b) assaying for neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activity in cells of step (a).
 13. A method of screening compounds to identify compounds that modulate the activity of human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, comprising: contacting the cells of claim 5 with a test compound; determining the effect of a compound on the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activity in cells of claim 5 compared to the effect on control cells that are substantially identical to the cells of claim 5, but do not express the receptors, or to the effect on neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activity of the cells in the absence of the compound; and identifying compounds that modulate the activity of human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
 14. An isolated and substantially purified human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α₄ or α₇ subunit.
 15. A recombinant human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, comprising one or more of the subunits of claim
 14. 16. The human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of claim 14, that comprises at least one human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor beta subunit.
 17. The receptor of claim 16, wherein the β subunit is a β₄ subunit.
 18. An isolated and substantially purified human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor β₄ subunit.
 19. A recombinant human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, comprising one or more of the subunits of claim 17 and also comprising an α subunit of a human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
 20. A method for identifying functional neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits and combinations thereof, comprising: (a) introducing a nucleic acid molecule of that encodes an α subunit of a human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and introducing a nucleic acid molecule of claim 1 encoding a β₄ subunit of a human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor into mammalian or amphibian cells; and (b) assaying for neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activity in cells of step (a).
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the α subunit is selected from α₁, α₂, α₃, α₄, α₅ or α₇.
 22. A method of screening compounds to identify compounds that modulate the activity of human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, comprising: contacting the cells of claim 10 with a test compound; determining the effect of a compound on the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activity in cells of claim 10 compared to the effect on control cells that are substantially identical to the cells of claim 10, but do not express the receptors, or the effect on neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activity of the cells in the absence of the compound; and identifying compounds that modulate the activity of human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. 